Philosophy & Science: Key Concepts

Philosophy and Key Concepts

• The following causes microevolution: natural selection, adaptation to new environments, and mutation and recombination.
• Idealism is the philosophical doctrine asserting that nothing exists apart from minds or their contents.
• Pragmatism is the philosophical doctrine where the truth of a statement is judged by its effect on actions, and truth is what scientific inquiry agrees on.
• Scientism is believing that the assumptions and methods of physical and natural sciences are appropriate for all other disciplines.

Science Criteria

• IV only: The criteria for science typically includes hypotheses formulation/logical criteria.
• The hypothesis has scientific method, testability, observation, data collection, and empirical evidence.
• The hypothesis has contingency, falsifiability, grounding in empirical evidence, and a scientific method.
• Observation, data collection, experimentation, and analysis are part of scientific method
• Falsifiability, testability, grounding in empirical evidence, and the use of scientific method are important.

Ethics and Logic

• Normative ethics is not primarily concerned with how moral knowledge is put into practice.
• A conclusion following from premises that may or may not be true is considered a valid argument.
• Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.
• Reductionism is a historical event explained in psychological terms, which in turn might be described in human physiology.
• "Philosophy" comes from a Greek word.
• Epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics are the main branches of study in philosophy.

Ethical Viewpoints

• Ethics is primarily concerned with how people view right and wrong.
• "Ethos" in Greek means custom or habit.
• Parmenides is the first Rationalist.
• William Harvey discovered during the Renaissance that the heart pumps blood.
• Rationalism is the view emphasizing reasoning as a knowledge source.
• Skeptics use doubt for a particular end.
• Pragmatism was founded on the spirit of finding.
• The concept of truth does not depend on personal insight.
• "None of the above" is the belief that thinking begins with a human subject.
• Grounded in science through observation, Empiricism campaigns for systematic knowledge reduction to logical and scientific foundations.

Scientific Terms

• "Bad science" term is associated with Daniel Dennett.
• Contingency and falsification is not a ground for validating scientific reasoning.
• It's True that fossils are stocked remains of the remote past.
• It's False that fossils are degraded remains of the remote past.
• "All of the above" qualifies as a fossil.
• It's True Scientists have described less than 250,000 species of fossils till date (as of when the material was written).
• Edward Drinker Cope was a paleontologist of the University and was aged 68 years.
• It's True that fossilization is preserving fossils using volcanic ash.
• "All of the above" is true about petrified fossils.
• Xylon is the wood used in petrification.
• Varying times of plant and organism death are attributed by Creation scientists.
• Stratigraphy studies rock layering.
• "All of the above" is why the geological column is described as a mental abstraction.

Chronology, Trees and Thermoluminescence

• It is True that the times scale is wrong with what described as a mental abstraction
• The study of the origins and types of rocks is petrology.
• The ages of trees and objects from wood is what Dendrochronology is used to know.
• Thermoluminescence dates ceramics, quartz, and chert.
• Thermo-regulation is not an absolute dating method.
• It's False that radiometric age dating is used by scientists to estimate tree ages, chemical fuels and other geological materials.

Marine Fossils and Evolution

• It's True there is an abundance of marine fossils, turbidites and submarine fans.
• It's False that evolution proposes a recent life origin from few thousand years ago by God.
• Dobzhansky said nothing makes sense in the life sciences except in light of evolution.
• Science began over 4000 years ago in Mesopotamia, where a man was known as Thales.
• Anaximander proposes Everything in existence originated from unspecified bondless stuff.
• Socrates is the one considered the father of Western philosophy.
• Socrates is the philosopher who lived between 470-399BC.

Historic Philosophers

• It's False to say During the Hellenistic era Politics and Power remained Greek.
• The planetary motion not reduced to mathematical law, which explained that Mars, Jupitar, and Saturn rotates faster than earth.
• Euxodos is the philosopher lived 409-350BC who presented a mathematical planetary model.
• The Mannerist period refers to cultural decline or societal collapse between Rome's fall/learning recovery.
• "Re-birth" is the French word of what Renaissancemeans.
• The Mannerist period is what the late Renaissance is also called .
• 1423 was when the first book was first printed.
• 1480s Leonardo da Vinci studies human anatomy.
• 1608 telescope made by Hans Liperskey in Holland.
• John Wycliffe translated The Bible from latin English 1382.
• 1534 Henry VIII broke the church of England from Rome.
• John Calvin the man who started Geneva theological academy 1559.
• John Ray the author of book title "The wisdom of God."
• It's True that Hellenistic era began with life of great Alexander.
• Scientifi C philosophy nature/events, empirical data
• Overproduction of resources is not a principle of Darwin's theory .
• "All of the above" is to the theory according to Lamark for evolutiob.
• They Believe that the earth came to existence from previous matter with what Thales.
• It's true that Socrates was executed for haing around 399 BC.

Aristarchus and Eudoxos

• It's false of Aristarchus founded the Greek philosophy.
• Aristarchus advocated fixity of the sun in the middle ages.
• Aristotle observation was the first patial projection of Heliocentric cosmology model.
• Eudoxos was a prominent philosopher in the 5th century who presented.
• Aristotle argued to be true with the earth must, is fixed motionless.
• The ideas of Aristotle were accepted by the church during the middle ages.
• Hutton introduced millions of years of earth's history.
• It's False of was during the period of classical antiquity that the emergence of Christianity in it.
• Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer who thought the earth was spherical.
• Galileo believed Copernicus heresy and was setenced to house arest in 1633.
• Galileo to popularize his experimented thls.
• Is Earth, which Man made in God's image inhabits the planet.

Earth

• Is Earth the center; Earth in the center the Earth the sun, moon/stars revolvin.
• Variation the principle of microevolution.
• Geophysic is what to logic ethics.
• The none of what Western.
• Middle Age as a succession Western not into the following.
• Offsprin "between scientific".
• Empiricism to Aristotle .
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Terms to Note

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Theories

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