Podcast
Questions and Answers
What did Charles Darwin recognize in the mid-1800s?
What did Charles Darwin recognize in the mid-1800s?
- Heritable variation in species (correct)
- Non-heritable variation in species
- The concept of microevolution
- Reproductive success of individuals
According to the text, who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
According to the text, who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
- Gregor Mendel
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- Aristotle (correct)
- Charles Darwin
According to the text, who believed that populations evolve, not individuals?
According to the text, who believed that populations evolve, not individuals?
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- Charles Darwin (correct)
- Gregor Mendel
- Aristotle
What did Darwin not fully understand, according to the text?
What did Darwin not fully understand, according to the text?
What did Charles Darwin recognize in the mid-1800s?
What did Charles Darwin recognize in the mid-1800s?
According to the text, what did Aristotle believe about male sperm?
According to the text, what did Aristotle believe about male sperm?
What did Darwin not fully understand, according to the text?
What did Darwin not fully understand, according to the text?
What did natural selection tend to favor, according to the text?
What did natural selection tend to favor, according to the text?
What did Charles Darwin recognize about heritable variation in species in the mid-1800s?
What did Charles Darwin recognize about heritable variation in species in the mid-1800s?
What did Aristotle believe about male sperm, according to the text?
What did Aristotle believe about male sperm, according to the text?
According to the text, what did Darwin not fully understand in his time?
According to the text, what did Darwin not fully understand in his time?
What did Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success, according to the text?
What did Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success, according to the text?
According to the text, who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
According to the text, who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
What did Darwin call the heritable unit, according to the text?
What did Darwin call the heritable unit, according to the text?
Who recognized in the mid-1800s that there was heritable variation in species?
Who recognized in the mid-1800s that there was heritable variation in species?
According to the text, who understood that populations evolve, not individuals?
According to the text, who understood that populations evolve, not individuals?
What did Charles Darwin call the heritable unit, and what was his best guess about how these heritable units worked?
What did Charles Darwin call the heritable unit, and what was his best guess about how these heritable units worked?
Who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
Who believed that male sperm contained little human beings?
What did Darwin understand about the evolution of populations and individuals?
What did Darwin understand about the evolution of populations and individuals?
What did Charles Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success?
What did Charles Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success?
What did Charles Darwin recognize about the evolution of populations and individuals?
What did Charles Darwin recognize about the evolution of populations and individuals?
What did Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success?
What did Darwin recognize as the key factor influencing reproductive success?
What did Darwin call the heritable unit, and what was his best guess about how these heritable units worked?
What did Darwin call the heritable unit, and what was his best guess about how these heritable units worked?
What did Aristotle believe about male sperm?
What did Aristotle believe about male sperm?
Who developed the theory of heredity in the 1860s?
Who developed the theory of heredity in the 1860s?
What did Mendel's theory of heredity posit?
What did Mendel's theory of heredity posit?
What is the study of genotypes, phenotypes, genes, alleles, and gene pool in populations known as?
What is the study of genotypes, phenotypes, genes, alleles, and gene pool in populations known as?
What is microevolution defined as?
What is microevolution defined as?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem measure?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem measure?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem state at genetic equilibrium?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem state at genetic equilibrium?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate about the frequencies of genotypes?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate about the frequencies of genotypes?
What may deviations from the sum of 1 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate?
What may deviations from the sum of 1 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assume regarding mutations?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assume regarding mutations?
What is the most common reason for microevolution, providing variation upon which selection can act?
What is the most common reason for microevolution, providing variation upon which selection can act?
Which type of mutations impact evolution?
Which type of mutations impact evolution?
What are major causes of mutations?
What are major causes of mutations?
What does gene flow refer to?
What does gene flow refer to?
What is the effect of gene flow on differences between populations?
What is the effect of gene flow on differences between populations?
How does gene flow differ from genetic drift?
How does gene flow differ from genetic drift?
What is the impact of the introduction of new alleles from one population to another?
What is the impact of the introduction of new alleles from one population to another?
What is the purpose of learning about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the purpose of learning about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the impact of natural selection on genotype frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the impact of natural selection on genotype frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is gene flow in population genetics?
What is gene flow in population genetics?
What is the bottleneck effect in population genetics?
What is the bottleneck effect in population genetics?
What is the founder effect in population genetics?
What is the founder effect in population genetics?
What is genetic drift in population genetics?
What is genetic drift in population genetics?
What is the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies?
What is the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies?
What is the impact of a population bottleneck on genetic drift?
What is the impact of a population bottleneck on genetic drift?
What is an example of the bottleneck effect in nature?
What is an example of the bottleneck effect in nature?
What is an example of the founder effect in nature?
What is an example of the founder effect in nature?
What is the impact of genetic drift on smaller populations?
What is the impact of genetic drift on smaller populations?
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What disrupts the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What disrupts the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What does natural selection refer to?
What does natural selection refer to?
Which example demonstrates recent evidence of evolution due to natural selection?
Which example demonstrates recent evidence of evolution due to natural selection?
What does stabilizing selection favor?
What does stabilizing selection favor?
What is an example of disruptive artificial selection?
What is an example of disruptive artificial selection?
What does natural selection act on?
What does natural selection act on?
What can turn an adaptive trait into a maladaptive one?
What can turn an adaptive trait into a maladaptive one?
What is an example of directional selection?
What is an example of directional selection?
What does disruptive selection favor?
What does disruptive selection favor?
What is an example of an adaptation observed by Dr. Gillooly?
What is an example of an adaptation observed by Dr. Gillooly?
What is the impact of environmental change on adaptive traits?
What is the impact of environmental change on adaptive traits?
What is the purpose of three methods by which selection can increase fitness?
What is the purpose of three methods by which selection can increase fitness?
What does pesticide resistance in insects demonstrate?
What does pesticide resistance in insects demonstrate?
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Study Notes
Genetic Drift and Gene Flow in Population Genetics
- Gene flow between populations in one generation increases future genetic differences due to the introduction of new alleles, driving microevolution.
- Modern travel facilitates increased gene flow between human populations, leading to decreased genetic differences over time.
- Genetic drift refers to unpredictable allele frequency fluctuations in small populations due to chance events.
- The bottleneck effect, a type of genetic drift, results from a population reduction, leading to non-representative surviving allele frequencies.
- The severity of a population bottleneck influences the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies.
- Natural examples of the bottleneck effect include the near-extinction of elephant seals due to human hunting in the 1800s.
- The founder effect, another type of genetic drift, occurs when a few individuals become isolated, leading to a non-reflective gene pool.
- Examples of the founder effect include flower color change on a remote island due to bird transport and the high frequency of Huntington's disease in the Afrikaner population.
- Genetic drift is a random process impacting all alleles equally, causing evolution.
- Genetic drift has the greatest impact on smaller populations.
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium holds only when mating is totally random, which is not the case in reality due to non-random mating preferences.
- Non-random mating, such as same-race coupling, disrupts the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Natural Selection and Adaptation
- Factors causing mating to be non-random include phenotypes, geographic barriers, religious beliefs, and socioeconomic influences
- Natural selection refers to differential reproductive success favoring certain genetic traits, creating adaptations
- Natural selection shapes organisms to better survive in their environments
- Recent evidence shows evolution in vertebrates, with lizards on a small Croatian island developing larger heads and stronger bites over 40 generations
- Dr. Gillooly observed a diverse range of animal adaptations, such as bugs resembling leaves and fish resembling rocks, developed to avoid predation
- Natural selection relies on differing reproductive fitness among individuals with different genotypes and phenotypes
- Environmental change can turn an adaptive trait into a maladaptive one, as seen with the change in color of peppered moths in England during the Industrial Revolution
- Three methods by which selection can increase fitness are stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection
- Stabilizing selection favors the "average" individual, directional selection favors individuals that vary from the "average," and disruptive selection favors individuals that vary in both directions
- Pesticide resistance in insects is an example of directional selection
- Americans' artificial selection of prickly pear cacti with a medium number of spines reduced their numbers in nature, resulting in disruptive artificial selection
- Natural selection acts on phenotypes only, impacting genotypes and allele frequencies
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