Philosophy Reviewer: Reasoning and Fallacies

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Questions and Answers

What is the fundamental goal of reasoning in a syllogism?

To create ambiguity in the premises and conclusion

To provide hypothetical premises for the conclusion

To prove the truth of the conclusion from the premises (correct)

To challenge the truth of the conclusion using premises

What type of premise presents a statement like 'Either frog and carabaos have mammary glands'?

Categorical premise

Ambiguous premise

Disjunctive premise (correct)

Hypothetical premise

In a deductive argument, what makes it invalid?

If the conclusion is probable

If the truth of the premises does not prove the truth of the conclusion (correct)

If the premises are ambiguous

If the premises are false

What characterizes a sound deductive argument?

It contains all true premises and is valid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an inductive argument?

To show that the truth of the conclusion is probable from the premises Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an argument?

To give reasons for one’s conclusion via justification, explanation, and/or persuasion Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothetical syllogism?

A syllogism that always begins with the word 'if' Signup and view all the answers

What is a disjunctive premise?

A premise in which two propositions are mutually exclusive Signup and view all the answers

In a syllogism, which statement is considered the conclusion?

The last statement in the group Signup and view all the answers

What is a premise in an argument?

A statement supposed or proved as a basis of argument Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the roots?

To absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Gymnosperm?

It reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling?

Angiosperm Germination Signup and view all the answers

What is the channel through the plant cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move in and out of the cell called?

Lenticels Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural stage in which after reaching maturity, the diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, that divides the mitosis to produce the haploid gametophyte?

Asexual Generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the umbrella term that includes the formation of a complete embryo from a zygote, seed germination, and the elaboration of mature vegetative plants from the embryo?

Plant Growth Signup and view all the answers

Which process in plants involves the transformation of light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in plants?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the shoot system in plants?

Supporting the plant and holding leaves, flowers, and buds Signup and view all the answers

In which type of reproduction does the gametophyte appear more developed than the sporophyte in bryophytes like mosses?

Sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of producing new offspring in plants known as?

Reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reasoning in Syllogisms

Fundamental goal of reasoning in a syllogism is to derive valid conclusions from premises.
An example of a disjunctive premise is "Either frogs or carabaos have mammary glands," presenting two alternatives.

Deductive and Inductive Arguments

A deductive argument becomes invalid if the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.
A sound deductive argument has valid reasoning and true premises, leading to a true conclusion.
Inductive arguments aim to provide probable support for their conclusions rather than definitive proof.
The main purpose of any argument is to persuade or convince others of a particular point of view or claim.

Syllogism Types

A hypothetical syllogism involves conditional statements, typically structured as "If P, then Q."
The conclusion in a syllogism is typically the statement drawn from the premises.

Premises and Functions

A premise in an argument is a supporting statement that provides the foundation for the conclusion.
Roots primarily function to anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store energy.

Plant Characteristics and Processes

Gymnosperms are characterized by having exposed seeds and needle-like leaves; examples include conifers.
The process of growth from a seed to a seedling is called germination.
Plasmodesmata are channels through the plant cell wall that facilitate the movement of molecules and substances between cells.

Reproduction and Life Cycles

The diploid sporophyte stage produces spores through meiosis, which then divide by mitosis to form the haploid gametophyte.
The umbrella term covering the formation of an embryo from a zygote, seed germination, and growth of mature plants from the embryo is known as plant development.
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
The main purpose of the shoot system in plants is to support photosynthesis, reproductive structures, and transport of nutrients and water.

Reproductive Development in Bryophytes

In bryophytes, such as mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage and appears more developed than the sporophyte.
The process of producing new offspring in plants is known as plant reproduction, which can be sexual or asexual.

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Description

Test your knowledge on reasoning and fallacies in philosophy with this quiz. Learn about types of reasoning and the concept of minor premise in arguments.