Ancient Medieval
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He who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god. Who said this?

Aristotle

Division of Greece into sovereign city-states led to its political demise Rise of Macedonian & Roman empires

POST ARISTOTLEAN PHILOSOPHY

Rise of Macedonian & Roman empires are political revolutions that led to

Impersonal machinery of government , individual must rely on his own inner resources to survive, double strain of being intensely individual and more universal

When was the Post Aristotelean philosophy?

<p>322 BC- 4AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Named of their walking around the colonnades of the Athenian Lyceum

<p>Peripatetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two phases

<p>Hellenestic and neoplatinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pre-Socratic/ minor schools of philosophy contemporaneous with Plato, namely the Sophists, the Cynics and the Cyrenaics

<p>Hellenestic</p> Signup and view all the answers

These 3 are under hellenestic

<p>Epicureanism, Stoicism, Skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the founder of Epicureanism

<p>Epicurus of Samos Greece ( 341- 270 BCE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Everything, including the soul,  is made of
atoms moving in an infinite void

If this is true, should we fear death?

Pleasure and pain are the sources of all our values

<p>Epicureanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

All our actions are driven by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

<p>Psychological hedonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only pleasure is good and pain is evil

<p>Ethical hedonism or egoistic hedonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are no Platonic forms existing in an invisible mythical realm

<p>Epicureanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Founder of stoicism

<p>Zeno of citium (336-264 BCE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, nature is rational

<p>Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, the universe is governed by the law of reason. Man can’t actually escape its inexorable force but he can, uniquely, follow the law deliberately

<p>Law of reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, a life led according to rational nature is virtuous

<p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stoicism believes that Happiness thru(____) (while the Epicureans believe that happiness is thru _____

<p>Wisdom, pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, Wisdom is the t root virtue. From it spring the cardinal virtues:

<p>insight, bravery, self-control, and justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since passion is irrational, life should be waged as a battle against it. Intense feeling should be avoided

<p>Apathea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtue should be should not for the sake of pleasure, but for ____

<p>Duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our reason is borrowed from the Logos

<p>Stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Everything happens for a reason

<p>Stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nothing happens by chance

<p>Stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Even God is determined as per Aristotle

<p>Stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

pleasure is the highest good

<p>(summum bonum)stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, these are also good-in-themselves

<p>Virtue, duty, and discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under stoicism, apathy is?

<p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Free yourself from all emotions and desires that are outsidd your control

<p>Stoicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Another founder of stoicism

<p>Epictetus (50-138 CE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

He teaches the development pf self control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions

<p>Epictetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

don't show what you're feeling and you also accept whatever is happening

<p>Epictetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central to Epictetus’ philosophy is his account of three topoi, or areas of study.

<ol> <li>Desires (orexeis) and aversions (ekkliseis). 2. Impulse to act (hormas) and not to act (aphormas). 3. Freedom from deception, hasty judgment ( sunkatathesis)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

concerning desire (orexis), is devoted to physics. It is not enough for the philosopher to know how Nature works; he must train his desires in the light of that knowledge so that he only desires what is in harmony with Nature

<p>First topos ( desires)</p> Signup and view all the answers

in order to become a Stoic sage – happy and in harmony with Nature – one must train one’s desires in the light of a study of Stoic physical theory.

<p>First topos</p> Signup and view all the answers

To live a _____ life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they taught everything was rooted in nature.

<p>Good</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is ____ for happiness a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune”

<p>Sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

concerning impulse (hormê), is devoted to ethics. The study of ethical theory is of course valuable in its own right but, for the Stoic training to be a sage, these theories must be translated into ethical actions.

<p>Second topos ( impulse to act or not to act)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to transform the way in which one behaves, it is necessary to train the impulses that shape one’s behavior. By so doing the apprentice philosopher will be able not merely to say how a sage should act but also to act as a sage should act.

<p>Second topos</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freedom from deception, hasty judgment, and anything else related to assents (sunkatatheseis) which is devoted to logic.

<p>Third topos</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Epictetus every impression () that an individual receives often includes a value-judgment () made by the individual. When an individual accepts or gives assent (sunkatathesis) to an impression, assent is often given to the value-judgment as well. Epictetus suggests tha

<p>Phantasia, hupolepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scholars believe that these teachings of Epictetus largely influenced

<p>Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Ask not that events should happen as you will, but let your will that events should happen as they do...“

<p>Epictetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

“I cannot escape death, but can I not escape the fear of death?”

<p>Epictetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

thought that the good life (eudaimonia, often translated as “flourishing”) consisted in cultivating one's moral virtues in order to become a good person. four cardinal virtues :

<p>Stoics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wisdom, courage, justice and temperance

<p>Sophia, andreia, dikaiosyne, sophrosyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

stoic philosopher, statesman, lawyer, and political theorist Nature is ruled by physical and moral law Natural moral laws are universal

<p>Cicero</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD, one of the greatest and most admired rulers of ancient Rome

<p>Marcus Aurelius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wrote the Meditations , a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, recording his private notes to himself and ideas on Stoic philosophy

<p>Marcus Aurelius</p> Signup and view all the answers

has maintained the reputation for being the ideal wise leader , and according to some authors the closest to whom Plato had called the "philosopher king."

<p>Marcus Aurelius</p> Signup and view all the answers

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."

<p>Marcus Aurelius</p> Signup and view all the answers

We cannot assume that reason is sufficient to know reality (Sophists)

<p>Skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reason can produce powerful arguments for both sides of an issue

<p>Skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nothing is impossible to doubt We can't get outside our senses, so experience can't provide knowledge of reality

<p>Skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

We should suspend all judgment

If reason ends in skepticism, are we left with faith?

Are any of your beliefs self-evident?

<p>Pyrrho of Elis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plato as inspiration, a major influence on Christianity.

<p>Neoplatonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neoplatonism

<p>Plotinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nous divine mind

<p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intelligence as for plato are? (Universal)

<p>Truth, Good, Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intelligence for Plotinus are ? (Individual)

<p>Knowing one’s true self</p> Signup and view all the answers

Souls

<p>Upper and lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

contemplation of the Forms in the realm of intelligence

<p>Upper (soul)</p> Signup and view all the answers

individual souls ; his senses & matter, man’s
irrationality; matter (lacking divine being is source of evil

<p>Lower( soul)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Likened to the SUN— capable of continuously emanating energy

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perfect , without any limitations, it transcends the world

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perfect , without any limitations, it transcends the world

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exists in perpetual contemplation

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allows the creatures (human beings) of understanding his true nature and the world

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allows the creatures (human beings) of understanding his true nature and the world

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

understanding creation)

<p>Emanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

his identification with his higher soul, with
Intelligence, and with the transcendent One

<p>Plotinus cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moral virtue is important (i.e. doing good things in the world) because it allows one to be at peace with himself and therefore in a position to contemplate the higher realities of the world

<p>Plotinus cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

As for the contemplation, visualizing the One will lead us to realize our?

<p>True nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who said this The unexamined life is not worth living” “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance”

        “The only true wisdom is knowing that you know nothing”

<p>Socrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rome’s founding by Romulus until the establishment of the Republic

<p>Monarchy (735 -509 BC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

characterized by conquest & warfare Roman populace was divided into the patricians (aristocracy) and the plebians (commoners)

<p>Republic (509 – 31BC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

characterized by conquest & warfare Roman populace was divided into the patricians (aristocracy) and the plebians (commoners)

<p>Republic (509 – 31BC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was also the time when the 3 Punic wars happened,/ time of the tiumvirates

<p>Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

First Triumvirate by the 3 Generals

<p>Marcus Linnius Crassius, Gaeus Pompeius (Pompeii), and Julius Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

First Triumvirate by the 3 Generals

<p>Marcus Linnius Crassius, Gaeus Pompeius (Pompeii), and Julius Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

who holds the key post of Consul or top executive among the 3 Generals

<p>Julius Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

This triumvirate ended in a civil war that made the triumph of?

<p>Julius Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

This triumvirate ended in a civil war that made the triumph of?

<p>Julius Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formed in 43 BC after Caesar’s assassination Marcus Antoninus Caesar’s friend), Octavius (Caesar’s great-nephew and heir), and Marcus Lepidus This coalition ended with the death of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC

<p>Second Triumviate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Octavius was conferred the title Augustus (exalted one) and became the first Roman emperor that ruled Rome from 31BC-14 AD

<p>Empire ( 27BC-1453AD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

founded the principate since the Romans are still suspicious of his growing power

<p>Octavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a system of monarchy headed by an emperor holding power for life, but his powers were hidden behind constitutional forms

<p>The Principate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under him the Pax Romana or Roman Peace was achieved

<p>Octavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constantine the Great created Byzantine (modern day Istanbul, Turkey) as the eastern capital of the Roman empire which made it possible for the survival of the empire after the fall of the western capital in 476 AD.

<p>330 AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constantine the Great created Byzantine (modern day Istanbul, Turkey) as the eastern capital of the Roman empire which made it possible for the survival of the empire after the fall of the western capital in 476 AD.

<p>330 AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

the Germanic leader Odoacer staged a revolt and deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustulus. From then on, no Roman emperor would ever again rule from a post in Italy, leading many to cite 476 as the end of the ancient period and ushered in the era of the Medieval Period

<p>476</p> Signup and view all the answers

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