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He who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god. Who said this?
Aristotle
Division of Greece into sovereign city-states led to its political demise Rise of Macedonian & Roman empires
POST ARISTOTLEAN PHILOSOPHY
Rise of Macedonian & Roman empires are political revolutions that led to
Impersonal machinery of government , individual must rely on his own inner resources to survive, double strain of being intensely individual and more universal
When was the Post Aristotelean philosophy?
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Named of their walking around the colonnades of the Athenian Lyceum
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What are two phases
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Pre-Socratic/ minor schools of philosophy contemporaneous with Plato, namely the Sophists, the Cynics and the Cyrenaics
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These 3 are under hellenestic
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Who is the founder of Epicureanism
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Everything, including the soul, is made of
atoms moving in an infinite void
If this is true, should we fear death?
Pleasure and pain are the sources of all our values
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All our actions are driven by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
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Only pleasure is good and pain is evil
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There are no Platonic forms existing in an invisible mythical realm
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Founder of stoicism
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Under stoicism, nature is rational
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Under stoicism, the universe is governed by the law of reason. Man can’t actually escape its inexorable force but he can, uniquely, follow the law deliberately
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Under stoicism, a life led according to rational nature is virtuous
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Stoicism believes that Happiness thru(____) (while the Epicureans believe that happiness is thru _____
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Under stoicism, Wisdom is the t root virtue. From it spring the cardinal virtues:
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Since passion is irrational, life should be waged as a battle against it. Intense feeling should be avoided
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Virtue should be should not for the sake of pleasure, but for ____
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Our reason is borrowed from the Logos
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Everything happens for a reason
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Nothing happens by chance
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Even God is determined as per Aristotle
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pleasure is the highest good
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Under stoicism, these are also good-in-themselves
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Under stoicism, apathy is?
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Free yourself from all emotions and desires that are outsidd your control
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Another founder of stoicism
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He teaches the development pf self control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions
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don't show what you're feeling and you also accept whatever is happening
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Central to Epictetus’ philosophy is his account of three topoi, or areas of study.
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concerning desire (orexis), is devoted to physics. It is not enough for the philosopher to know how Nature works; he must train his desires in the light of that knowledge so that he only desires what is in harmony with Nature
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in order to become a Stoic sage – happy and in harmony with Nature – one must train one’s desires in the light of a study of Stoic physical theory.
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To live a _____ life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they taught everything was rooted in nature.
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Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is ____ for happiness a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune”
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concerning impulse (hormê), is devoted to ethics. The study of ethical theory is of course valuable in its own right but, for the Stoic training to be a sage, these theories must be translated into ethical actions.
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In order to transform the way in which one behaves, it is necessary to train the impulses that shape one’s behavior. By so doing the apprentice philosopher will be able not merely to say how a sage should act but also to act as a sage should act.
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Freedom from deception, hasty judgment, and anything else related to assents (sunkatatheseis) which is devoted to logic.
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According to Epictetus every impression () that an individual receives often includes a value-judgment () made by the individual. When an individual accepts or gives assent (sunkatathesis) to an impression, assent is often given to the value-judgment as well. Epictetus suggests tha
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Scholars believe that these teachings of Epictetus largely influenced
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"Ask not that events should happen as you will, but let your will that events should happen as they do...“
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“I cannot escape death, but can I not escape the fear of death?”
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thought that the good life (eudaimonia, often translated as “flourishing”) consisted in cultivating one's moral virtues in order to become a good person. four cardinal virtues :
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Wisdom, courage, justice and temperance
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stoic philosopher, statesman, lawyer, and political theorist Nature is ruled by physical and moral law Natural moral laws are universal
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Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD, one of the greatest and most admired rulers of ancient Rome
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Wrote the Meditations , a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, recording his private notes to himself and ideas on Stoic philosophy
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has maintained the reputation for being the ideal wise leader , and according to some authors the closest to whom Plato had called the "philosopher king."
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"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness."
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We cannot assume that reason is sufficient to know reality (Sophists)
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Reason can produce powerful arguments for both sides of an issue
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Nothing is impossible to doubt We can't get outside our senses, so experience can't provide knowledge of reality
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We should suspend all judgment
If reason ends in skepticism, are we left with faith?
Are any of your beliefs self-evident?
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Plato as inspiration, a major influence on Christianity.
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Neoplatonism
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Nous divine mind
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Intelligence as for plato are? (Universal)
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Intelligence for Plotinus are ? (Individual)
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Souls
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contemplation of the Forms in the realm of intelligence
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individual souls ; his senses & matter, man’s
irrationality; matter (lacking divine being is source of evil
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Likened to the SUN— capable of continuously emanating energy
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Perfect , without any limitations, it transcends the world
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Perfect , without any limitations, it transcends the world
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Exists in perpetual contemplation
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Allows the creatures (human beings) of understanding his true nature and the world
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Allows the creatures (human beings) of understanding his true nature and the world
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understanding creation)
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his identification with his higher soul, with
Intelligence, and with the transcendent One
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Moral virtue is important (i.e. doing good things in the world) because it allows one to be at peace with himself and therefore in a position to contemplate the higher realities of the world
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As for the contemplation, visualizing the One will lead us to realize our?
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Who said this The unexamined life is not worth living” “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance”
“The only true wisdom is knowing that you know nothing”
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Rome’s founding by Romulus until the establishment of the Republic
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characterized by conquest & warfare Roman populace was divided into the patricians (aristocracy) and the plebians (commoners)
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characterized by conquest & warfare Roman populace was divided into the patricians (aristocracy) and the plebians (commoners)
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Was also the time when the 3 Punic wars happened,/ time of the tiumvirates
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First Triumvirate by the 3 Generals
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First Triumvirate by the 3 Generals
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who holds the key post of Consul or top executive among the 3 Generals
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This triumvirate ended in a civil war that made the triumph of?
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This triumvirate ended in a civil war that made the triumph of?
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Formed in 43 BC after Caesar’s assassination Marcus Antoninus Caesar’s friend), Octavius (Caesar’s great-nephew and heir), and Marcus Lepidus This coalition ended with the death of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC
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Octavius was conferred the title Augustus (exalted one) and became the first Roman emperor that ruled Rome from 31BC-14 AD
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founded the principate since the Romans are still suspicious of his growing power
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is a system of monarchy headed by an emperor holding power for life, but his powers were hidden behind constitutional forms
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Under him the Pax Romana or Roman Peace was achieved
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Constantine the Great created Byzantine (modern day Istanbul, Turkey) as the eastern capital of the Roman empire which made it possible for the survival of the empire after the fall of the western capital in 476 AD.
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Constantine the Great created Byzantine (modern day Istanbul, Turkey) as the eastern capital of the Roman empire which made it possible for the survival of the empire after the fall of the western capital in 476 AD.
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the Germanic leader Odoacer staged a revolt and deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustulus. From then on, no Roman emperor would ever again rule from a post in Italy, leading many to cite 476 as the end of the ancient period and ushered in the era of the Medieval Period
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