Philosophy Quiz Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of knowledge is obtained through the senses?

  • Empirical knowledge (correct)
  • Rationalism
  • Revelation
  • Intuition

    • Skepticism claims that people can acquire reliable knowledge.

    False (B)

    What is the etymological meaning of the word 'philosophy'?

  • Pursuit of truth
  • Love of wisdom (correct)
  • Love of power
  • Search for knowledge

    • What is the philosophical study of value known as?

    <p>Axiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Socrates believed that wisdom consists solely of technical skills.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to use the word 'philosopher'?

    <p>Pythagoras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ presupposes a transcendent supernatural reality.

    <p>Revelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sources of knowledge with their definitions:

    <p>Empirical knowledge = Knowledge obtained through the senses Rationalism = Knowledge obtained through reason and logic Intuition = Sudden flash of insight Authority = Knowledge from experts or tradition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philosophy begins in ______, according to Socrates.

    <p>wonder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes agnosticism?

    <p>A profession of ignorance regarding the existence of God (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Philosophy = Love of wisdom Socrates = Philosopher known for questioning Pythagoras = First to use the term philosopher Wisdom = Reverence for truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the essence of philosophy?

    <p>Philosophy involves a critical habit and eternal vigilance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intuition is often experienced as a conscious and deliberate thought process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nature of philosophy is solely based on personal opinions and feelings.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What questions does axiology seek to address?

    <p>Questions about the nature of values, their origins, justification, and their relationship to knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do philosophers seek that differentiates their wisdom from professional expertise?

    <p>Truth and understanding of complex issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'metaphysics' literally refer to?

    <p>Those things after the physics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theological aspect of metaphysics deals with the theories about the origin and nature of the universe.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epistemology study?

    <p>The nature, scope, meaning, and possibility of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the key questions in metaphysics is whether __________ exists.

    <p>God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the aspect of metaphysics with its focus:

    <p>Cosmological Aspect = Study of the universe's origin Theological Aspect = Concepts of God Anthropological Aspect = Study of human beings Ontological Aspect = Nature of existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of metaphysics examines the relationship between mind and body?

    <p>Anthropological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epistemology is concerned with issues of reason and faith.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two questions that metaphysics primarily deals with?

    <p>What is reality? Does God exist?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a piece of advice primarily focused on?

    <p>Providing a recommendation for future actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A statement of belief or opinion is meant to provide factual information.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an expository passage?

    <p>An expository passage begins with a topic sentence that is developed by following sentences without proving it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A statement of belief or opinion reflects what someone believes or _______.

    <p>thinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes loosely associated statements?

    <p>Statements about the same subject that lack a supporting relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A report contains a single statement about an event.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the great renaissance dam of Ethiopia mentioned in the report examples?

    <p>It has opened employment opportunities for thousands of Ethiopians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of expression with its correct definition:

    <p>Advice = A recommendation about future conduct Opinion = A person's belief about something Report = A statement conveying information on a topic Expository Passage = A discourse that expands on a topic sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly signifies a necessary condition?

    <p>If something is a dog, then it must be an animal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single conditional statement can be considered an argument.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines a sufficient condition?

    <p>A is a sufficient condition for B if the occurrence of A guarantees the occurrence of B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Being an animal is a ______ condition for being a dog.

    <p>necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Sufficient Condition = Guarantees the occurrence of another event Necessary Condition = Must be true for another event to occur Conditional Statement = Expresses a relationship between two propositions Premise = A statement that provides support in an argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example 'If he is selling our national secrets to enemies, then he is a traitor,' which part serves as the premise?

    <p>He is selling our national secrets to enemies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If something is not an animal, it can still be a dog.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sufficient and necessary conditions?

    <p>A sufficient condition guarantees the outcome, while a necessary condition must be present for the outcome to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms indicates a deductive argument?

    <p>Absolutely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disjunctive syllogism involves a statement with 'if...then'.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of argument is based purely on arithmetic or geometric computation?

    <p>Deductive Argument based on Mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The argument 'If you study hard, then you will graduate with Distinction' is an example of a _______ syllogism.

    <p>hypothetical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly represents a categorical syllogism?

    <p>All teachers are knowledgeable. No knowledgeable person is ignorant. Hence, no teacher is ignorant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of arguments with their examples:

    <p>Deductive Argument based on Mathematics = Calculation of area of a square Argument based on definition = Kebede is a physician; therefore, he is a doctor Hypothetical Syllogism = If you study hard, then you will graduate with Distinction Prediction = It will likely rain this weekend based on current weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive arguments always provide a definitive conclusion.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conclusion of the following categorical syllogism: 'All Egyptians are Muslims. No Muslim is a Christian'?

    <p>No Egyptian is a Christian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Logic

    The study of reasoning and argumentation.

    Critical Thinking

    The skill to analyze and evaluate arguments and statements.

    Philosophy

    The love of wisdom; pursuit of knowledge and understanding.

    Etymology of Philosophy

    Comes from 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom).

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    Socratic Wisdom

    Wisdom involves vigilance and a reverence for truth.

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    Pythagoras' Contribution

    First to use the term 'philosopher' to describe knowledge seekers.

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    Essence of Philosophy

    Involves seeking wisdom, not just technical expertise.

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    Philosophy's Respect in Ancient Greece

    Philosophers were highly respected for their intellectual pursuits.

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    Metaphysics

    The branch of philosophy that explores the nature of reality, existence, and the universe.

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    Cosmological Aspect

    The study of the universe's origin, nature, and development as an orderly system.

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    Theological Aspect

    The part of metaphysics that deals with conceptions of and about God.

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    Anthropological Aspect

    The study of human beings and their relationship with mind and body.

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    Ontological Aspect

    The study of the nature of existence and what it means for something to exist.

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    Epistemology

    The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge, its nature, scope, and limits.

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    Knowledge

    Justified true belief; awareness or understanding of facts or information.

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    Mind-Body Problem

    The philosophical dilemma concerned with the relationship between mental states and physical states.

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    Piece of Advice

    A recommendation about future decisions or conduct.

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    Statement of Belief

    An expression of what someone believes or thinks.

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    Loosely Associated Statements

    Statements on the same subject without firm connections or proof.

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    Report

    A group of statements conveying information about a topic or event.

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    Expository Passage

    Discourse starting with a topic sentence, expanding without arguing.

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    Topic Sentence

    The main idea or claim that sets the direction of a passage.

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    Development of Topic

    Sentences that elaborate on the topic sentence in a passage.

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    Argument vs. Expansion

    An argument aims to prove whereas expansion elaborates.

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    Conditional Statement

    A statement that expresses an 'if-then' scenario, linking conditions.

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    Premise

    A statement that forms the basis of an argument; assumed to be true.

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    Conclusion

    A statement that follows logically from a premise in an argument.

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    Sufficient Condition

    A condition that guarantees the occurrence of an event or outcome.

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    Necessary Condition

    A condition that must be met for an event to occur; can't happen without it.

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    Re-expressing an Argument

    Transforming a conditional statement into an argument format.

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    Inferential Content

    The logical implications contained within a statement or argument.

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    Logical Argument Structure

    Arrangement of premises leading to a conclusion in an argument.

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    Skepticism

    The belief that reliable knowledge cannot be attained.

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    Agnosticism

    The position of uncertainty regarding the existence of God.

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    Empirical Knowledge

    Knowledge gained through sensory experience.

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    Rationalism

    Knowledge acquired through reasoning and logic.

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    Intuition

    Knowledge derived from sudden insights beneath consciousness.

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    Revelation

    Knowledge presumed to come from a supernatural reality.

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    Authority

    Knowledge based on expert opinion or long-standing tradition.

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    Axiology

    The study of values and what is considered good.

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    Deductive Arguments

    Arguments that guarantee the truth of the conclusion if premises are true.

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    Inductive Arguments

    Arguments that suggest the conclusion is probable based on the premises.

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    Mathematical Argument

    An argument where conclusions depend on arithmetic or geometric calculations.

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    Argument by Definition

    Arguments where the conclusion relies on word definitions.

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    Syllogism

    A form of reasoning with two premises leading to one conclusion.

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    Categorical Syllogism

    A syllogism using 'all', 'no', or 'some' in premises.

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    Hypothetical Syllogism

    A syllogism that includes a conditional (if-then) statement.

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    Disjunctive Syllogism

    A syllogism involving an 'either...or' statement.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking

    • Logic and critical thinking are interwoven intellectual disciplines.
    • They shape how individuals reason, solve problems, and make decisions.
    • They offer frameworks for evaluating arguments, understanding the world, and approaching complex issues methodically.

    Lesson 1: Meaning and Nature of Philosophy

    • Philosophy is rooted in wonder, as Socrates suggested.
    • Its etymological meaning is "love of wisdom."
    • It involves the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.
    • Early philosophers were respected for delving into profound questions about reality.
    • Philosophy is not just about any wisdom, but a particular type of inquiry.

    What is Philosophy?

    • Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about the world, which are often held uncritically.
    • It's a process of reflecting on and scrutinizing deeply held beliefs and concepts.
    • It's a rational approach to understanding the world as a whole.
    • It involves dissecting language to clarify concepts and explore the meaning of words.
    • It encompasses fundamental questions that continually intrigue people.

    Core Field of Philosophy: Metaphysics

    • Metaphysics explores the ultimate nature of reality.
    • It deals with issues such as reality, God, free will, the relationship between mind and body, and the nature of existence.
    • The term 'metaphysics' comes from Greek words meaning "beyond physics."
    • Key questions include:
      • What is reality?
      • What is the ultimately real?
      • What makes reality different from a mere appearance?
      • Is there a cause-and-effect relationship between reality and appearance?
      • Does God exist, and if so, can we prove it?
      • What is human nature, mind, and body?
      • What is time, and what are its implications?
      • What is the meaning of life?
    • Metaphysical questions are divided into subsets: cosmology, theology, anthropology, and ontology.

    Core Field of Philosophy: Epistemology

    • Epistemology studies the nature, meaning, scope, and possibility of knowledge.
    • It deals with: knowledge, opinion, truth, falsity, reasoning, experience, and faith.
    • It's also referred to as the theory of knowledge.
    • Key questions include:
      • What is knowledge, and what does it mean to know something?
      • What are the sources of knowledge? (experience, reason, both?)
      • How can we be sure that our perceptions are correct?
      • What's the difference between knowledge and belief/opinion?
      • What is truth, and how do we know if a statement is true?
      • Can reason help us understand things apart from our senses?

    Core Field of Philosophy: Axiology

    • Axiology is the study of value.
    • It involves investigating what is considered good, valuable, and preferable by individuals and societies.
    • It's about exploring values, determining their origin, justifying values, and understanding their relationship to knowledge.
    • Key questions:
      • What is a value?
      • Where do values come from?
      • How do we know what is valuable?
      • How do values relate to knowledge?
      • Are there different types of values?
      • Can one value be prioritized over another?

    Core Field of Philosophy: Ethics

    • Ethics, also called moral philosophy, explores moral principles, values, codes, and rules.
    • Ethics seeks to understand right conduct.
    • It looks into various aspects like: what is good/bad, what is right/wrong, the ultimate foundation for ethical principles, and more.
    • Key questions:
      • What's good or bad?
      • What's right or wrong?
      • What makes an action moral?
      • Are there universal moral principles?
      • What's the ultimate source of morality?
      • Are there conflicts between different moral principles?
    • Ethics is divided into normative ethics, meta-ethics, and applied ethics.

    Core Field of Philosophy: Aesthetics

    • Aesthetics is the study of beauty.
    • It explores the value of artistic and aesthetic experiences.
    • It considers the principles of beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory/emotional values, perception, and taste.
    • Key questions:
      • What is art?
      • What is beauty?
      • How are art, beauty, and truth linked?
      • Is beauty objective or subjective?
      • Does art have a moral dimension?
      • What are the standards of quality in art?

    Basic Concepts of Logic

    • Logic deals with the method and principles of evaluating arguments, ensuring proper reasoning/support for conclusions.
    • Logic helps with constructing and evaluating arguments.
    • The word "logic" stems from the Greek word "logos."
    • This word represents sentence, discourse, reason, truth, and rule.

    What is an Argument?

    • An argument, in a logical sense, is a group of statements.
    • One or more of these statements (premises) are used to support or provide reason to believe one or more statements (conclusions).
    • Statements are declarative sentences, either true or false.

    Recognizing Types of Arguments

    • Arguments based on mathematics: The correctness of the conclusion depends on mathematical computations.
    • Arguments based on definition: The conclusion is derived from defining specific terms.
    • Syllogisms: Arguments consisting of two premises and one conclusion. Includes categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive syllogisms.

    Deductive Arguments

    • These arguments claim their conclusions are definitively true given the premises.
    • If all premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, and it's impossible for the conclusion to be false while the premises are true

    Inductive Arguments

    • These propose conclusions that are probable but not guaranteed true, given the premises.
    • The truth of the premises makes the conclusion probable but not necessarily true.

    Valid, Invalid, Sound, Unsound Arguments

    • Valid (deductive): If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
    • Invalid (deductive): If the premises are true, the conclusion can still be false.
    • Sound (deductive): A valid argument with true premises.
    • Unsound (deductive): An invalid argument or one with false premises.

    Techniques of Recognizing Arguments

    • Look for indicator words.
    • Assess the relationship between statements.
    • Identify typical kinds of non-arguments (warnings, advice, statements of belief, loosely associated statements, and reports).
    • Distinguish arguments from other types of discourse.

    Conditional Statements

    • A statement in the form "If..., then..."
    • The part following "if" is the antecedent, and the part following "then" is the consequent.
    • Conditional statements can be used as premises or conclusions in arguments or to express inferential content.

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