Questions and Answers
David Hume argued that the idea of personal identity is a result of _________
imagination
The _________ self refers to the self as it is in itself, independent of experience.
noumenal
According to Kant, the __________ self appears in the world of experience.
phenomenal
Kant believes that we construct our own ________ by organizing our thoughts and perceptions.
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Kant's idea is a combination of rationalism and _________.
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Rene Descartes is known as the father of _____ philosophy.
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John Locke is referred to as the father of _____ism.
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David Hume believed that there is no _____; we are just a collection of perceptions.
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The _____ self is described as non-material and immortal.
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The rational part should govern the other parts of the soul, ensuring that desires and emotions are kept in check by ______.
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The spirited soul is the source of emotions, particularly those related to courage, ambitions, and a sense of ______.
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The concept of _____ rasa means 'blank slate' and relates to personal identity.
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The appetitive soul is responsible for basic desires and physical needs, such as hunger and ______.
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The appetitive part must be regulated by the rational part, with support from the spirited part, to avoid leading the soul into ______ and vices.
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According to Descartes, 'I think, therefore, I _____.'
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According to the dualism view, 'the body and soul are ______.'
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Descartes' thinking led to the conclusion that a thinking entity can exist independently of the _____ body.
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Personal identity is formed primarily from sense _____ as per John Locke's views.
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The vegetative soul is responsible for the basic functions of life such as nutrition, growth, and ______.
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The sensitive soul includes all the functions of the vegetative soul but adds the abilities of perception, sensation, and ______.
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The rational soul allows humans to reason, reflect, and engage in moral and ethical ______.
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Socrates believed that every man is composed of body and ______
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Dualism divides reality into two parts: the body and the ______
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Socrates said, 'An unexamined life is not worth ______'
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According to Socrates, the more we know, the less we ______
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The soul exists in the realm of ______
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Plato described the soul as having three parts: Rational Soul, Spirited Soul, and ______
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The Rational Soul is responsible for reasoning, thinking, and seeking ______
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The Material World is considered a replica of the ______ world
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St. Augustine believes in ______.
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The soul is what governs and defines the human person or the ______.
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Knowing God is also knowing ______.
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The more one understands their own mind and soul, the closer they come to understanding ______.
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Every person is made up of two important parts, which are the body and the ______.
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One of the most special things about humans is the ability to think and ______.
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Aquinas believed that everyone has a ______, and finding that purpose helps us understand who we truly are.
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Augustine described that humankind is created in the image and likeness of ______.
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Study Notes
Socratic Philosophy on Self
- Socrates emphasizes the significance of the self, viewing it through the lens of dualism, which separates existence into body and soul.
- Famous quote: “An unexamined life is not worth living,” advocating self-reflection for understanding the self.
- Socrates posits that knowledge brings awareness of ignorance, encapsulated in the phrase: “All I know is I know nothing.”
- The soul exists prior to the body in the ideal realm, full of wisdom and knowledge, suggesting a connection to past wisdom through introspection.
Dualism and Theories of the Soul
- Socrates and Plato both articulate the concept of dualism, where the tangible world is merely a shadow of a higher reality, known as the World of Forms.
- Plato divides the soul into three parts: Rational, Spirited, and Appetitive, each with a distinct role in governing human behavior and desires.
- The Rational Soul is tasked with reasoning and logical decision-making, while the Spirited Soul fuels emotions tied to ambition and justice.
- The Appetitive Soul governs physical needs and desires, requiring regulation by the rational part to avoid excess.
Components of the Soul
- The Rational Soul incorporates reasoning and ethical thinking, crucial for human distinction.
- The Spirited Soul embodies emotions, helping enforce the Rational Soul's decisions.
- The Appetitive Soul encompasses basic desires, necessitating regulation to prevent indulgence.
Historical Philosophical Perspectives
- St. Augustine of Hippo builds on dualism, merging body and soul into a unified perspective, asserting the soul's divine creation and essential goodness.
- Augustine proposes that understanding oneself involves understanding God; this is achieved through introspection and reflecting on personal experiences.
- St. Thomas Aquinas, influenced by Aristotle, also views the soul as integral to life, highlighting the special capacity of humans to reason and find purpose.
Modern Philosophy Developments
- René Descartes, known as the father of modern philosophy, presents a clear distinction between the thinking self (soul) and the physical body, captured in the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.”
- He introduces the idea of self as a non-material entity, allowing for independent existence and identity.
- John Locke argues for the concept of ‘Tabula Rasa,’ suggesting human identity is formed from sensory experiences and memories, emphasizing the importance of consciousness.
- David Hume challenges the idea of a permanent self, arguing that identity is merely a bundle of perceptions, with no consistent past or future.
Kant's Contribution
- Immanuel Kant theorizes that the self actively structures experiences, allowing for coherent understanding of the world.
- He differentiates between the Phenomenal Self, shaped by external experiences, and the Noumenal Self, representing independent thoughts and feelings.
- Kant's philosophy blends rationalism and empiricism, proposing that the self constructs its own reality and provides a predictable framework for experiences.
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Description
Explore the three parts of the soul as described in philosophical thought. This quiz covers the rational, spirited, and appetitive aspects of human nature, examining how they interact and influence behavior. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications.
