Philosophy Overview and Branches

Study Notes

Origin of the term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words φίλος (philos: "love") and σοφία (sophia: "wisdom").
Pythagoras introduced the concept of philosophia, emphasizing the love of wisdom, suggesting a distinction between humans and wisdom itself.

Metaphysics: Explores the nature of reality, questioning the origin and first cause of the universe.
Epistemology: Investigates the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge, addressing questions such as "What is knowledge?" and "How is it acquired?"
Logic: Studies the rules of valid inference and reasoning, focusing on concepts of truth.
Ethics: Examines moral values and principles, probing questions like "What is good?" and "What should I do?"

Philosophy involves questioning, contemplation, argument construction, and rational evaluation of ideas.
Accessible to anyone who poses intelligent questions and engages in reflective, logical thinking.
Aristotle noted that philosophy often begins with wonder.

Gabriel Marcel emphasized that philosophical reflection is personal and tied to daily life.
Defined as contemplating the meaning and purpose of existence.
Types of Philosophical Reflection:
- Primary Reflection: A fragmented and analytical thinking style focusing on specifics, often considered selfish or instrumental.
- Secondary Reflection: Seeks to unify experience, integrating fragments into a coherent understanding, allowing for a holistic view of reality.

Philosophical Reflection: Deepens understanding of personal experiences and broader reality.
Argument Construction and Evaluation: Facilitates systematic expression of ideas and examination of others' thoughts.

Empirical Questions: Answered through observable facts and data; e.g., "How deep is the river?"
Logico-Mathematical Questions: Require logical or mathematical reasoning; e.g., "How many sides does a triangle have?"
Philosophical Questions: Open-ended and ultimate questions, not resolved without resources, often requiring deeper cognitive exploration.

Major Periods:
- Ancient Period:
  - Pre-Socratics: Focused on natural phenomena and the idea that all beings derive from a single substance; notable figures include Thales, Pythagoras, and Parmenides.
  - Socratic Period: Expanded inquiries into ethics, politics, and epistemology, led by significant figures like Socrates.