Philosophy of Self: Plato to Locke

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Questions and Answers

What aspect of human existence does Descartes emphasize with the phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum'?

The physical body as the essence of self

The importance of self-awareness in proving existence (correct)

The role of emotions in decision making

The influence of external experiences on identity

According to John Locke, how do individuals maintain their identity over time?

By adhering to societal norms and expectations

Through their physical appearance

By forming consistent memories of their experiences (correct)

By accumulating wealth and status

What is the primary argument of David Hume regarding the concept of self?

The self is fixated on achieving personal goals

The self is defined by logical reasoning and intellect

The self is a distinct entity separate from experiences

The self is an illusion formed by a collection of perceptions (correct)

What term did John Locke use to describe the state of being at birth?

Tabula rasa Signup and view all the answers

In Descartes' view, where is the self primarily located?

In the mind and conscious thought Signup and view all the answers

What does Plato's concept illustrated by Jack suggest about the relationship between desires and rationality?

There is a balance between desires and what is right. Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle's theory, how are the body and soul related?

They are inseparable and work together as a unified entity. Signup and view all the answers

What does Augustine's concept of the self focus on?

The union of the soul with God is essential for fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

What illustrates the idea of hylomorphism in Aristotle's thought?

Dancing as an expression of both physical skills and emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What internal conflict does Emma experience in her decision-making process?

Between the desire to be honest and the fear of consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What does Hume suggest about the concept of self?

The self is a collection of experiences that evolves over time. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what comprises the inner self?

Emotions and rational intellect. Signup and view all the answers

How does Kant differentiate between the inner self and outer self?

The outer self is about observable characteristics, while the inner self relates to mental awareness. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of learning to play the piano, what does Kant's 'thinking subject' refer to?

The conscious awareness of the learning process. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the self is visible to others, according to Kant?

The observable physical body and actions. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self does Kant focus on?

The inner self aware of learning and actions Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which component acts as a mediator?

The ego Signup and view all the answers

How does Ryle’s perspective on self fundamentally differ from Kant’s?

Ryle rejects the idea of an inner self Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates Freud's concept of the self?

Chester balances his desire for cake with health concerns Signup and view all the answers

According to Ryle, how should we interpret actions like Sarah helping others?

As direct manifestations of her self Signup and view all the answers

What does Paul Churchland believe about the self?

The self is a product of brain activity and physical changes. Signup and view all the answers

How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty view the development of the self?

It is influenced by physical body experiences and interactions with the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of Churchland's perspective on learning and the self?

Practicing skills such as playing guitar alters brain structure and self-perception. Signup and view all the answers

What does Merleau-Ponty's view imply about the relationship between the self and physical activity?

Engaging in physical activities can enhance and express one's identity. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher rejected the idea of dualism in shaping the self?

Maurice Merleau-Ponty Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plato

Plato's theory divides the soul into rational and desire-driven parts.
Example: Jack's decision to study demonstrates the rational part overcoming desire.

Aristotle

Aristotle, a student of Plato, rejected the Theory of Forms.
Proposed that the self is a combination of body and soul (hylomorphism).
Example: Toby's dance reflects the unity of body (skills) and soul (emotions).

Saint Augustine

Augustine believed the self is linked to God, representing ultimate fulfillment.
Concept of original sin leads to spiritual longing.
Example: Emma's inner conflict between honesty and fear illustrates moral choice shaped by spiritual beliefs.

René Descartes

Descartes introduced dualism, separating mind and body.
Coined “Cogito, ergo sum” to express that self-awareness confirms existence.
Example: Questioning reality affirms one's existence through thought.

John Locke

Proposed the self as a Tabula rasa, suggesting we are formed by experiences.
Identity relies on memory continuity over time.
Example: David connects childhood memories to current beliefs, reflecting self as continuous consciousness.

David Hume

Hume's Bundle Theory argues that the self is a collection of perceptions and experiences.
The notion of a fixed self is dismissed as an illusion.
Example: Barbara's changing hobbies represent a fluid identity shaped by experiences throughout life.

Immanuel Kant

Kant differentiates between the inner self (intellect) and outer self (physical).
The inner self relates to awareness, while the outer self is observable actions.
Example: Learning piano illustrates the interaction of inner awareness and outer performance.

Sigmund Freud

Freud's ego mediates between the superego (societal rules) and id (instincts).
The self's decisions involve balancing desires with social acceptability.
Example: Chester chooses to limit cake intake, balancing want for cake with health considerations.

Gilbert Ryle

Ryle critiqued Cartesian dualism, arguing the self is expressed through actions.
He dismissed the idea of an inner self, asserting it is misleading.
Example: Sarah’s helpful actions define her self, highlighting behavior over hidden essence.

Paul Churchland

Churchland's neurophilosophy interprets the self as a result of brain activity.
Understanding the self involves studying brain processes.
Example: Benedict's guitar practice alters his brain, influencing self-perception and capabilities.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Merleau-Ponty rejected dualism, emphasizing bodily experience in forming the self.
Interactions with the environment shape one’s identity over time.
Example: Joseph’s dance represents identity, linking bodily experience with self-expression.

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Description

Explore the evolution of the concept of self through the insights of renowned philosophers including Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Descartes, and Locke. This quiz delves into their unique theories about the soul, existence, and personal identity, illustrating each philosopher's perspective with relatable examples.