Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the weight of Class Standing in the grading criteria?
50%
The term 'philosophy' comes from the Greek word 'philoshopia'.
False
Who is known as the Father of Modern Philosophy?
What did Socrates believe was the true task of a philosopher?
Signup and view all the answers
David Hume described the self as a ___ or collection of different perceptions.
Signup and view all the answers
Which philosopher proposed the concept of the mind-body dichotomy?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Immanuel Kant believe the self requires?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the essence of man according to Thomas Aquinas?
Signup and view all the answers
Socrates said, 'An unexamined life is not worth ___.'
Signup and view all the answers
The Greek word 'PHILOSOPHIA' is composed of 'PHILOS' meaning love and 'SOPHIA' meaning ___.
Signup and view all the answers
The first philosopher is known as Thales of ___.
Signup and view all the answers
In the study of Science, the material object refers to the subject matter of the ___ .
Signup and view all the answers
Philosophy includes multiple branches such as ___, ethics, and metaphysics.
Signup and view all the answers
Formal objects refer to the particular attributes of the material object under study, also known as the ___ aspect.
Signup and view all the answers
Plato identified three components of the soul: Rational, Spirited, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
According to Descartes, 'I think therefore I ______.'
Signup and view all the answers
David Hume described the self as a Tabula ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Immanuel Kant proposed that the self must have an organizing principle governed by the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Merleau-Ponty believed that the body and mind are ______ and cannot be separated.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
The Self
- "Self" is explored through different philosophical perspectives.
Etymological & Technical Definition Of "Philosophy"
- "Philosophy" originates from the Greek word "philosophia"
- "Philosophia" combines two Greek words: "philos" meaning "love" and "sophia" meaning "wisdom", literally meaning "love of wisdom"
- "Philosophy" is defined as the “science of beings in their ultimate reason, causes, and principles acquired by the aid of human reason alone”.
The Two Objects of Study in Science
- The "Material Object" is the subject matter of the science.
- The "Formal Object" is the particular attribute of the material object under study.
Different Philosophical Perspectives on "The Self"
-
Socrates: The first philosopher to question the self, his maxim is "Know thyself". He emphasizes the importance of self-reflection, stating that "an unexamined life is not worth living."
- He established the idea of the self as a duality, with a body and soul.
-
Plato: A student of Socrates who continued his exploration of the self.
- He proposed three components of the soul: rational, spirited, and appetitive.
- He believed the rational soul should govern the human person, emphasizing the importance of justice and virtue for the self.
-
Augustine: He believed in the existence of a perfectly good and just God.
- He proposed a bifurcated nature of the self, with the body destined to die on earth, and the soul destined to experience eternal life.
- He believed the intellect resides within the soul.
-
Thomas Aquinas: Focused on the idea of hylemorphism, the self consists of matter and form.
- He believes the essence of the self is the form, with the soul as the essence of man.
-
Rene Descartes: Known as the "father of modern philosophy."
- He established his famous assertion "I think, therefore I am".
- He viewed the self as a thinking self, a mind.
- He believed in a mind-body dichotomy, with the body being a machine attached to the mind.
- He established his famous assertion "I think, therefore I am".
-
David Hume: An empiricist, he believed all knowledge originates from sensory experiences.
- He viewed the self as a "tabula rasa" (blank slate) at birth, shaped by experiences.
- He believed the self was simply a "bundle" of perceptions, impressions, and thoughts.
-
Immanuel Kant: Challenged Hume's position that the self only exists through experience.
- He argued the mind organizes and structures our perceptions, creating a unified self.
- He believed the self is an apparatus of the mind.
-
Gilbert Ryle: Focused on behaviorism, emphasizing the importance of behavior for understanding the self.
- He argued that the self manifests in daily life through observed behaviors.
Philosophy Definition and Etymology
- Philosophy comes from the Greek word "philosophia": "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom)
- The origin of philosophy can be traced to the 6th century BCE in the town of Miletus in Ancient Greece
- "Lover of wisdom" was the title given to those who did not claim to have knowledge but were considered wise
- Thales of Miletus is considered the first philosopher and was known for his belief that everything was made of water.
- The technical definition: "scientia rerum per causas primas sub lumine rationis naturalis" which translates to "the science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles acquired by the aid of human reason alone".
- Philosophy can be understood as the science or study of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles using human reason.
Philosophy - Material Object and Formal Object
- Philosophy is the study of things in their ultimate reason, causes, and principles.
- There are two objects of study in any science:
- the Material Object or the subject matter of the science
- the Formal Object which refers to the particular attributes of the material object under study.
- The Formal Object is the specific aspect a science focuses on in the material object.
Formal Object is further broken into two categories:
- Quod (What): what is being immediately and primarily apprehended by the science
- Quo (How): the medium or methods the science uses to study its object
- In Philosophy, the material object is being (all things) and the formal object is the first cause or highest principle of things
- Philosophy studies all things through the lens of human reason.
Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics: The study of the nature of reality and existence
- Epistemology: The study of knowledge, its nature, scope, and justification
- Logic: The study of valid reasoning and argumentation
- Ethics: The study of morality and values, including right and wrong
- Cosmology: The study of the origin and nature of the universe
- Philosophy of Man: The study of the nature of human beings, including their mind, soul, and consciousness
- Theodicy: The study of the problem of evil and suffering in the world
- Political Philosophy: The study of government, justice, and the nature of political power
Notable Philosophers and their perspectives on the Self
-
Socrates:
- The first philosopher to systematically question the self and promoted the idea of "know thyself".
- Believed that "an unexamined life is not worth living".
- Believed in Dualism and that man is made up of both a body and a soul.
-
Plato:
- Plato was a student of Socrates.
- He proposed three components to the soul: rational, spirited, and appetitive.
- Believed that reason should govern human beings.
- Proposed that the soul (Self) should strive for justice and be virtuous.
-
Augustine:
- Believed God created man and the Earth from nothing.
- Believed in the bifurcated nature of the self: the body is bound to die on earth and the soul is eternal.
- Said that the intellect resides in the soul.
-
Thomas Aquinas:
- Introduced the idea of hylemorphism which posits that everything, including the self, is made up of both matter and form.
- The essence of the self is the form.
- The soul is the essence of man.
-
Rene Descartes:
- Father of Modern Philosophy
- Famous for stating "I think therefore I am"
- Believed in the thinking self as the essence of the self.
- Proposed a mind-body dichotomy where the body is just a machine attached to the mind.
-
David Hume:
- Believed that we learn about the world through experience (Empiricism) and that nothing comes to the mind except through experience.
- Considered the self as a tabula rasa (blank slate) and a bundle of perceptions and impressions.
-
Immanuel Kant:
- Argued that considering the self as a simple combination of experiences is problematic.
- Believed that the mind must organize these impressions to create the self.
- Proposed the self as an apparatus of the mind.
-
Gilbert Ryle:
- Believed that the behavior a person manifests in day-to-day life is what truly matters.
- Claimed that the "self" is not an entity and that the self is just a name used to refer to all the behaviors people exhibit.
-
Merleau-Ponty:
- Argued that the mind and body are intertwined and cannot be truly separated.
- Proposes that all experiences are embodied experiences and that the body is a tool for existing in the world.
- The body, mind, and the self are all one.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz delves into the philosophical exploration of 'Self' and its definition through various historical perspectives. Learn about key philosophers like Socrates and the basic concepts of material and formal objects in science. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas in philosophy.
