Philosophy of Science: Kuhn's Paradigm

They reject fundamental challenges to their knowledge-claims.

A shared set of assumptions that lay down the broad outlines of a theory.

They are likely to be punished, but during a scientific revolution, scientists become open to radically new ideas.

<p>All knowledge, including scientific knowledge, is socially constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organised scepticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They permit scientists to make new observations and construct new facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trying to interpret the world and extract meaning from the evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An open belief system allows for questioning and criticism, whereas a closed belief system does not permit challenges or revisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believe that misfortune is due to witchcraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a set of norms that guide scientists' behavior and promote the growth of scientific knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believe that scientific knowledge serves the interests of the patriarchy and the ruling class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universalism holds that the truth of scientific knowledge is judged by universal standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a meta-narrative that falsely claims to possess the truth about how the world works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disinterestedness requires scientists to publish their findings for others to verify and critique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ideological domination of society by the ruling class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the working class follows the ruling class ideology while using their own exploitation to create their individualistic ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They argue that economic factors, such as unemployment, rather than ideology, are the primary factors maintaining social order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an important ideology that shapes political and social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>as false consciousness, allowing communication within large-scale impersonal communities with complex divisions of labor where all citizens are relatively equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideological thought (reflecting the position and interests of privileged groups) and Utopian thought (reflecting the position and interests of the underprivileged)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>detaching intellectuals from the social groups they represent and creating a free-flowing intelligentsia, free from representing the interests of this or that group</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>imposing a single standard language on every member, making economic and social cooperation easier through the equality of its members</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the one-sided worldview of belief systems, reflecting the position and interests of a particular group or class</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideological thought favors hierarchy and conservative views, while Utopian thought offers a vision of how society could be organized differently, reflecting the interests of the underprivileged</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantive definitions focus on the substance of religion (e.g., belief in God), functional definitions emphasize the social and psychological functions of religion, and constructionist definitions focus on how members of society define religion themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Durkheim defines religion in terms of its contribution to social integration, whereas Weber defines religion as a belief in a superior or supernatural being that cannot be explained scientifically. Durkheim's definition is more inclusive and functional, while Weber's definition is more focused on the substantive aspects of religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The constructionist view emphasizes how members of society define religion themselves, without assuming a belief in God or the supernatural, or that it performs a specific function for society. This challenges traditional understandings by highlighting the diverse and subjective nature of religious beliefs and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientology is considered a religion by its members, but is viewed as a cult by the government, highlighting the difficulties of creating a universal definition of religion that captures the diversity of beliefs and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different definitions of religion highlight the complexities and diversity of religious beliefs and practices, and underscore the importance of considering the social and cultural contexts in which they emerge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different definitions of religion reflect assumptions about the substance, function, and nature of religion, and implications for understanding the role of religion in society, including its relationship to social integration, beliefs, and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers