Philosophy of Mind: John Locke's Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of all knowledge according to the empiricist view?

Reasoning

Introspection

Sense experience (correct)

Cultural influence

What does Locke identify as essential for understanding the self?

Cultural upbringing

Physical appearance

Conscious awareness (correct)

Social relationships

According to Kant, what is necessary for organizing sense data into a meaningful experience?

A priori principles (correct)

Cognitive biases

Emotional responses

Sensory overload

What does the term 'unity of consciousness' refer to in Kant's philosophy?

The integration of thoughts and perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is congruence in the context of Carl Rogers' self-concept theory?

The alignment of real and ideal self Signup and view all the answers

What does Rogers suggest occurs when there is incongruence between the real and ideal self?

Distress and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

How does Kant view the self in relation to consciousness?

As the organizing force of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the 'real self' according to Carl Rogers?

Awareness of one's true feelings and thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What does Clifford Geertz suggest about culture?

Culture should guide behavior and act as control mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What defines egocentric self-view?

The self is viewed as distinct and autonomous. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the way individuals perceive themselves through the reactions of others?

Looking glass self Signup and view all the answers

In Gennep's three phases of identity transition, what occurs during the liminal phase?

Individuals are in-between identities without belonging to either. Signup and view all the answers

According to the sociological perspective, how is the self constructed?

Through interactions with other individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of group is characterized by intimate face-to-face relationships?

Primary group Signup and view all the answers

According to Erving Goffman, what does 'frontstage behavior' refer to?

Behavior influenced by social expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Me' aspect of Mead's concept of self?

The reflexive evaluation of our actions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ascribed status' refer to?

A status that is assigned at birth. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'impression management' involve?

Controlling how others perceive us Signup and view all the answers

What role does the concept of 'Imitation' play in social learning?

It is a technique to learn behaviors by mimicking without understanding. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is NOT crucial in the development of physical self-concept?

Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental period do boys tend to express more satisfaction with their changing bodies compared to girls?

Adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What does the sociological imagination allow individuals to see?

The relationships between personal troubles and societal issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT belong to the Total Self as described?

Financial self Signup and view all the answers

How do girls typically assess the changes in their bodies during puberty?

By their perceived level of attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common infectious cause of genital and eye diseases globally?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of genital herpes?

Herpes simplex virus Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention method is the best way to prevent Human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant consequence of teenage pregnancy cited by the WHO?

Health consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which sexually transmitted infection is commonly referred to as 'the clap'?

Gonorrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which type of herpes simplex virus is mostly transmitted through sexual contact?

HSV-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Chlamydia in females?

Mild lower abdominal pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a preventative measure against sexually transmitted diseases?

Regular use of recreational drugs Signup and view all the answers

How is early maturation in boys generally perceived by others?

More attractive and more self-confident Signup and view all the answers

What negative outcome is associated with early maturing girls?

Increased likelihood of depression Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of identity is strongly linked to body image?

Physical self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of sexual response does an individual experience heightened physiological arousal?

Excitement Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives individuals to engage in sexual activities according to the complexity of love?

Lust Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of reward and attraction in romantic situations?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is seen to influence sexual arousal through personal imagination and thought processes?

Cognitive factors Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes positively to an individual's ability to handle stress?

Positive self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philosophical Perspectives on the Self

Most philosophers agree Descartes struggled to connect the concepts of body and mind.

John Locke: The Self is Consciousness

An empiricist who argues that sense experience is the primary source of knowledge.
Defines a person as a thinking, intelligent being that reasons, reflects, and maintains identity over time.
Consciousness is necessary for thinking and helps sustain the belief in personal identity.
The essence of the self hinges on consciousness and memory of past experiences.
Distinguishes between personal identity and the soul or substance it resides in.

Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self

Asserts knowledge begins with sensations but is organized by the mind, creating a meaningful experience.
Mind has innate organizing principles (a priori) that synthesize sense data into coherent knowledge.
The unity of consciousness binds thoughts and perceptions within one conscious experience.
The self is the construct that links various contents of consciousness.

Psychological Perspective of the Self

Carl Rogers: Real and Ideal Self

Views individuals as inherently striving for completeness and perfection.
Differentiates between the real self (true awareness) and ideal self (aspirational identity).
Congruence between real and ideal self leads to self-worth; incongruence results in anxiety.
Language serves as a communication tool using arbitrary symbols.

Clifford Geertz and the Self in Culture

Describes humans as cultural beings who create and conform to meanings.
Proposes culture as control mechanisms guiding behavior.
Ethnic identity fosters a sense of sameness among individuals, enabling social interaction.
Distinguishes between egocentric (autonomous) and sociocentric (context-dependent) views of self.

Gennep's 3-Phased Model

Separation: Detaching from an old identity.
Liminal: Transition phase between identities.
Incorporation: Integrating changes into a new identity.

Sociological Perspective of the Self

Sociology studies human society systematically.
Self is constructed socially, influenced by interactions with others.
People's self-concepts are multidimensional.

Mead's Development of the Self

Defines the "I" as the is reflective and immediate response aspect of the self, while "Me" is the evaluative perspective.
Roles: Expected behaviors linked to social status, with ascribed (birth-given) and achieved (earned) statuses.
Imitation, play, and games teach role-taking and evaluating actions through others' eyes.

Charles Horton Cooley's Looking Glass Self

Self-concept formed through perceptions of how others view us.
Comprises three elements: perception of appearance, imagined judgments, and resulting self-feelings.

Erving Goffman's Dramaturgic Approach

Focuses on strategies used in self-presentation and social interaction.
Interaction order governs behavior in social contexts.
Frontstage versus backstage behaviors define how individuals perform in different settings.

Physical Self-Concept

Refers to self-perception in terms of physical ability and appearance.
Part of the total self, alongside academic and non-academic selves.
Gender differences exist in body satisfaction during development.
Physical self-efficacy contributes to physical self-worth.

Sexual Self

Puberty marks the maturation of sexual organs.
Sexual arousal is influenced by cognitive, emotional, and cultural factors.
Sexual response consists of phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Complexity of Love

Lust fulfills reproductive desires.
Attraction involves brain processes hooked to rewards; dopamine and norepinephrine play crucial roles.
Attachment correlates with oxytocin production.

Teenage or Unwanted Pregnancy

WHO reports 21 million girls aged 15-19 in developing areas experience teenage pregnancy annually, often due to socioeconomic factors.
Consequences include health risks and social/economic challenges.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infections transmitted via sexual contact include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and HPV.
Vaccination is essential for HPV prevention.
Practicing safe sex through abstinence, monogamy, vaccinations, and regular check-ups is crucial for prevention.

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Description

Explore John Locke's views on consciousness and identity in this quiz. Discover how Locke builds on the empiricist perspective, emphasizing the significance of consciousness in our understanding of self. Test your knowledge on the interplay between thought, reason, and personal identity.