Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of all knowledge according to the empiricist view?
What is the primary source of all knowledge according to the empiricist view?
- Reasoning
- Introspection
- Sense experience (correct)
- Cultural influence
What does Locke identify as essential for understanding the self?
What does Locke identify as essential for understanding the self?
- Cultural upbringing
- Physical appearance
- Conscious awareness (correct)
- Social relationships
According to Kant, what is necessary for organizing sense data into a meaningful experience?
According to Kant, what is necessary for organizing sense data into a meaningful experience?
- A priori principles (correct)
- Cognitive biases
- Emotional responses
- Sensory overload
What does the term 'unity of consciousness' refer to in Kant's philosophy?
What does the term 'unity of consciousness' refer to in Kant's philosophy?
What is congruence in the context of Carl Rogers' self-concept theory?
What is congruence in the context of Carl Rogers' self-concept theory?
What does Rogers suggest occurs when there is incongruence between the real and ideal self?
What does Rogers suggest occurs when there is incongruence between the real and ideal self?
How does Kant view the self in relation to consciousness?
How does Kant view the self in relation to consciousness?
What characteristic defines the 'real self' according to Carl Rogers?
What characteristic defines the 'real self' according to Carl Rogers?
What does Clifford Geertz suggest about culture?
What does Clifford Geertz suggest about culture?
What defines egocentric self-view?
What defines egocentric self-view?
What is the term used to describe the way individuals perceive themselves through the reactions of others?
What is the term used to describe the way individuals perceive themselves through the reactions of others?
In Gennep's three phases of identity transition, what occurs during the liminal phase?
In Gennep's three phases of identity transition, what occurs during the liminal phase?
According to the sociological perspective, how is the self constructed?
According to the sociological perspective, how is the self constructed?
Which type of group is characterized by intimate face-to-face relationships?
Which type of group is characterized by intimate face-to-face relationships?
According to Erving Goffman, what does 'frontstage behavior' refer to?
According to Erving Goffman, what does 'frontstage behavior' refer to?
What is the 'Me' aspect of Mead's concept of self?
What is the 'Me' aspect of Mead's concept of self?
What does the term 'ascribed status' refer to?
What does the term 'ascribed status' refer to?
What does 'impression management' involve?
What does 'impression management' involve?
What role does the concept of 'Imitation' play in social learning?
What role does the concept of 'Imitation' play in social learning?
Which stage is NOT crucial in the development of physical self-concept?
Which stage is NOT crucial in the development of physical self-concept?
During which developmental period do boys tend to express more satisfaction with their changing bodies compared to girls?
During which developmental period do boys tend to express more satisfaction with their changing bodies compared to girls?
What does the sociological imagination allow individuals to see?
What does the sociological imagination allow individuals to see?
Which component does NOT belong to the Total Self as described?
Which component does NOT belong to the Total Self as described?
How do girls typically assess the changes in their bodies during puberty?
How do girls typically assess the changes in their bodies during puberty?
What is the most common infectious cause of genital and eye diseases globally?
What is the most common infectious cause of genital and eye diseases globally?
What is the primary cause of genital herpes?
What is the primary cause of genital herpes?
Which prevention method is the best way to prevent Human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Which prevention method is the best way to prevent Human papillomavirus (HPV)?
What is one significant consequence of teenage pregnancy cited by the WHO?
What is one significant consequence of teenage pregnancy cited by the WHO?
Which sexually transmitted infection is commonly referred to as 'the clap'?
Which sexually transmitted infection is commonly referred to as 'the clap'?
Which type of herpes simplex virus is mostly transmitted through sexual contact?
Which type of herpes simplex virus is mostly transmitted through sexual contact?
What is a common symptom of Chlamydia in females?
What is a common symptom of Chlamydia in females?
Which of these is NOT considered a preventative measure against sexually transmitted diseases?
Which of these is NOT considered a preventative measure against sexually transmitted diseases?
How is early maturation in boys generally perceived by others?
How is early maturation in boys generally perceived by others?
What negative outcome is associated with early maturing girls?
What negative outcome is associated with early maturing girls?
What aspect of identity is strongly linked to body image?
What aspect of identity is strongly linked to body image?
During which phase of sexual response does an individual experience heightened physiological arousal?
During which phase of sexual response does an individual experience heightened physiological arousal?
What primarily drives individuals to engage in sexual activities according to the complexity of love?
What primarily drives individuals to engage in sexual activities according to the complexity of love?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of reward and attraction in romantic situations?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of reward and attraction in romantic situations?
Which factor is seen to influence sexual arousal through personal imagination and thought processes?
Which factor is seen to influence sexual arousal through personal imagination and thought processes?
Which factor contributes positively to an individual's ability to handle stress?
Which factor contributes positively to an individual's ability to handle stress?
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Study Notes
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
- Most philosophers agree Descartes struggled to connect the concepts of body and mind.
John Locke: The Self is Consciousness
- An empiricist who argues that sense experience is the primary source of knowledge.
- Defines a person as a thinking, intelligent being that reasons, reflects, and maintains identity over time.
- Consciousness is necessary for thinking and helps sustain the belief in personal identity.
- The essence of the self hinges on consciousness and memory of past experiences.
- Distinguishes between personal identity and the soul or substance it resides in.
Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self
- Asserts knowledge begins with sensations but is organized by the mind, creating a meaningful experience.
- Mind has innate organizing principles (a priori) that synthesize sense data into coherent knowledge.
- The unity of consciousness binds thoughts and perceptions within one conscious experience.
- The self is the construct that links various contents of consciousness.
Psychological Perspective of the Self
Carl Rogers: Real and Ideal Self
- Views individuals as inherently striving for completeness and perfection.
- Differentiates between the real self (true awareness) and ideal self (aspirational identity).
- Congruence between real and ideal self leads to self-worth; incongruence results in anxiety.
- Language serves as a communication tool using arbitrary symbols.
Clifford Geertz and the Self in Culture
- Describes humans as cultural beings who create and conform to meanings.
- Proposes culture as control mechanisms guiding behavior.
- Ethnic identity fosters a sense of sameness among individuals, enabling social interaction.
- Distinguishes between egocentric (autonomous) and sociocentric (context-dependent) views of self.
Gennep's 3-Phased Model
- Separation: Detaching from an old identity.
- Liminal: Transition phase between identities.
- Incorporation: Integrating changes into a new identity.
Sociological Perspective of the Self
- Sociology studies human society systematically.
- Self is constructed socially, influenced by interactions with others.
- People's self-concepts are multidimensional.
Mead's Development of the Self
- Defines the "I" as the is reflective and immediate response aspect of the self, while "Me" is the evaluative perspective.
- Roles: Expected behaviors linked to social status, with ascribed (birth-given) and achieved (earned) statuses.
- Imitation, play, and games teach role-taking and evaluating actions through others' eyes.
Charles Horton Cooley's Looking Glass Self
- Self-concept formed through perceptions of how others view us.
- Comprises three elements: perception of appearance, imagined judgments, and resulting self-feelings.
Erving Goffman's Dramaturgic Approach
- Focuses on strategies used in self-presentation and social interaction.
- Interaction order governs behavior in social contexts.
- Frontstage versus backstage behaviors define how individuals perform in different settings.
Physical Self-Concept
- Refers to self-perception in terms of physical ability and appearance.
- Part of the total self, alongside academic and non-academic selves.
- Gender differences exist in body satisfaction during development.
- Physical self-efficacy contributes to physical self-worth.
Sexual Self
- Puberty marks the maturation of sexual organs.
- Sexual arousal is influenced by cognitive, emotional, and cultural factors.
- Sexual response consists of phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Complexity of Love
- Lust fulfills reproductive desires.
- Attraction involves brain processes hooked to rewards; dopamine and norepinephrine play crucial roles.
- Attachment correlates with oxytocin production.
Teenage or Unwanted Pregnancy
- WHO reports 21 million girls aged 15-19 in developing areas experience teenage pregnancy annually, often due to socioeconomic factors.
- Consequences include health risks and social/economic challenges.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Infections transmitted via sexual contact include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and HPV.
- Vaccination is essential for HPV prevention.
- Practicing safe sex through abstinence, monogamy, vaccinations, and regular check-ups is crucial for prevention.
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