Philosophy of Mind and Empiricism
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'tabula rasa' refer to in the context of knowledge acquisition?

  • The idea that human minds are born as blank slates. (correct)
  • The principle that experience alone leads to certain knowledge.
  • The belief that knowledge is innate and unchangeable.
  • The assertion that rational thought is the only source of knowledge.

    • How does B.F. Skinner's view relate to empiricism?

  • He believed in the existence of innate ideas that shape behavior.
  • He depicted experience as a primary source of certain knowledge.
  • He rejected all forms of rational thought in favor of pure observation.
  • He proposed a radical form of empiricism based on behavior's consequences. (correct)

    • Which statement best reflects the implications of experience according to the provided content?

  • Experience alone cannot guarantee certain knowledge. (correct)
  • Experience is a primary method for achieving rational thought.
  • Experience is the sole provider of knowledge.
  • Experience produces certainty in knowledge acquisition.

    • What role does mathematics play in the framework of knowledge discussed?

    <p>Mathematics serves as an example of genuine knowledge and certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory?

    <p>It explains how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments following a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'philosophy' literally mean?

    <p>Love of wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical approach prioritizes reason as the source of knowledge?

    <p>Rationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 'a priori' or innate ideas refer to in rationalism?

    <p>Ideas that are known without experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the father of modern rationalism?

    <p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epistemology primarily concerned with?

    <p>The theory of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to rationalist philosophy, how are basic truths discovered?

    <p>Through intuition and reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rationalism disregard as a source of knowledge?

    <p>Experiential learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do assumptions play in philosophical inquiry?

    <p>To reflect critical thinking and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution is Mary Breckinridge best known for?

    <p>Establishing the American Red Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period in nursing history is characterized by its reliance on instinct and practices from primitive times until the 6th century?

    <p>Intuitive Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did Captain Salomen serve as a revolutionary leader providing nursing care?

    <p>Primitive Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing pioneer is credited as the first professionally trained American nurse?

    <p>Linda Richards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of the Educative Period in nursing history?

    <p>Development of nursing degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a Philippine nursing organization mentioned?

    <p>NHS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Melchora Aquino play in the context of nursing?

    <p>Provided food and shelter during wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary outcome of the nursing education trends mentioned?

    <p>Enhanced continuing education opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of empiricism as described in the content?

    <p>Knowledge is derived from sensory experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is recognized as the 'Father of Empiricism'?

    <p>Francis Bacon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was John Locke's stance on the existence of innate ideas?

    <p>He argued against the concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between empiricism and scientific knowledge according to the content?

    <p>Empiricism emphasizes observation and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the 'foundations of all subsequent reasoning' according to Aristotle?

    <p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which senses are mentioned as part of the empirical knowledge acquisition process?

    <p>Sight, sound, touch, taste, smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Locke's 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' primarily argue?

    <p>Knowledge arises from sensory experience and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of empiricism, what outcome is related to learning and behavior change according to Locke?

    <p>They result from reinforcement and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the first prominent nurse to provide services during the Philippine Revolution?

    <p>Josephine Bracken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the first Nurses Law (Act #2808) enacted in the Philippines?

    <p>1919</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hospital was established as the first hospital during the Spanish regime in the Philippines?

    <p>Hospital Real de Manila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event did the Filipino Nurses Association establish in 1921?

    <p>Establishment of the National Organization of Filipino Nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the board examination for nurses conducted in 1920?

    <p>To regulate the practice of nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nurse converted her house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Phil-American War?

    <p>Rose Sevilla de Alvaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first president of the Filipino Nurses Association (PNA)?

    <p>Rosario Delgado</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important concept did Nightingale emphasize regarding nursing knowledge in the mid-1800s?

    <p>Nursing is distinct from medical knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy Concepts

    • Ockham's Razor: A principle suggesting that the simplest explanation is often the correct one.
    • Tabula Rasa (blank slate): Concept by John Locke that individuals are born without innate ideas; knowledge is derived from experiences and observations.
    • Rationalism: Emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge, suggesting that certain truths can be known innately.

    Key Philosophers

    • B.F. Skinner: Behavioral psychologist advocating for strict empiricism and radical empiricism; impacted by operant conditioning theories which state behaviors are shaped by consequences (rewards and punishments).
    • John Locke: Early Enlightenment philosopher rejecting Descartes’ innate ideas, arguing knowledge stems from sensory experience and experimentation.
    • Rene Descartes: Recognized as the "father of modern philosophy," promoting the idea that reason provides innate knowledge, distinguishing between rationalism and empiricism.

    Nursing History in the Philippines

    • Early hospitals established during the Spanish regime; first hospital was Hospital Real de Manila, followed by San Lazaro Hospital.
    • Josephine Bracken: Significant figure who provided care for wounded soldiers; partner of national hero Jose Rizal.
    • Rose Sevilla de Alvaro: Converted her home into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Philippine-American War.
    • Notable nursing legislation began with the 1st Nurses Law (Act #2808) in 1919, establishing formal regulation of the nursing profession in the Philippines.

    Key Nursing Pioneers

    • Linda Richards: Recognized as the first professionally trained American nurse.
    • Trinidad Tecson: Prominent during the revolution, demonstrating nursing leadership.
    • Clara Barton: Founded the American Red Cross in 1881, significantly impacting healthcare and disaster relief.

    Evolution of Nursing Education

    • Development of nursing as an academic discipline; establishment of nursing schools such as UST in 1946.
    • The Filipino Nurses Association (PNA) was formed in 1921 to unify and advance the profession.
    • Nursing knowledge distinguished from medical knowledge, as observed by Florence Nightingale.

    Four Periods of Nursing History

    • Intuitive/Primitive Period: Ranges from primitive times to the 6th century.
    • Apprentice Period: Covers the 6th century to the 18th century.
    • Educative Period: From the 18th century to the 20th century focusing on the establishment of formal training.
    • Contemporary Period: Represents nursing advancements in the 21st century.

    Key Concepts in Epistemology

    • Epistemology: A philosophy branch studying the nature and scope of knowledge, emphasizing the role of reason.
    • Empiricism: The position that knowledge derives solely from sensory experience; associated with Francis Bacon, termed the "Father of Empiricism."

    Skinner's Learning Theory

    • Operant Conditioning: A learning principle explaining how behaviors can be influenced by reinforcement and punishment.
    • Skinner's Box: An experimental setup illustrating operant conditioning principles in behavior shaping.

    Nursing Organizations

    • Various organizations such as PNA, OHNAP, ORNAP enhance professional development and education in nursing.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of philosophy, particularly focusing on Ockham's Razor, Descartes' skepticism, and Locke's theory of tabula rasa. This quiz delves into the ideas of empiricism and certainty in knowledge, contrasting mathematical certainty with philosophical inquiries into the human mind.

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