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Questions and Answers
What two Greek words does the word "philosophy" come from?
What two Greek words does the word "philosophy" come from?
Love and Wisdom
What does metaphysics explore?
What does metaphysics explore?
The nature of reality
What does epistemology explore?
What does epistemology explore?
The nature of knowledge and justification of beliefs
What does aesthetics explore?
What does aesthetics explore?
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What does political and social philosophy explore?
What does political and social philosophy explore?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Aristotle's three principles of logic?
Which of the following is NOT one of Aristotle's three principles of logic?
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What type of reasoning is based on observations and evidence, leading to conclusions that are probable but not certain?
What type of reasoning is based on observations and evidence, leading to conclusions that are probable but not certain?
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Which fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?
Which fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?
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Which of the following is NOT a response to the question of whether science is objective?
Which of the following is NOT a response to the question of whether science is objective?
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According to Willard Van Orman Quine, it is nearly impossible to prove a scientific theory false.
According to Willard Van Orman Quine, it is nearly impossible to prove a scientific theory false.
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What is pseudoscience?
What is pseudoscience?
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What does the NOMA principle stand for?
What does the NOMA principle stand for?
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What is the Anthropic Principle?
What is the Anthropic Principle?
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What is the Gaia Hypothesis?
What is the Gaia Hypothesis?
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Which theory of the self proposes that the self is a determinate and unitary thing that persists over time?
Which theory of the self proposes that the self is a determinate and unitary thing that persists over time?
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Which theory of the self proposes that the self is shaped by narrative and storytelling?
Which theory of the self proposes that the self is shaped by narrative and storytelling?
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Which of the following is NOT a solution to the mind-body problem?
Which of the following is NOT a solution to the mind-body problem?
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Which solution to the mind-body problem claims that mental states can be realized through technology?
Which solution to the mind-body problem claims that mental states can be realized through technology?
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Which of the following is NOT a concept of a supreme being?
Which of the following is NOT a concept of a supreme being?
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Which philosophical view argues that human behavior is determined by factors beyond our control?
Which philosophical view argues that human behavior is determined by factors beyond our control?
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What did Confucius believe about true wisdom?
What did Confucius believe about true wisdom?
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What did Plato believe about the origin of knowledge?
What did Plato believe about the origin of knowledge?
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What did Aristotle believe about the origin of knowledge?
What did Aristotle believe about the origin of knowledge?
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What did Descartes conclude about the only certainty in his doubt?
What did Descartes conclude about the only certainty in his doubt?
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What did Locke believe about the mind at birth?
What did Locke believe about the mind at birth?
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What did Kant believe about the mind's role in understanding the world?
What did Kant believe about the mind's role in understanding the world?
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Which type of knowledge involves skills that are easily demonstrated but not easily explained?
Which type of knowledge involves skills that are easily demonstrated but not easily explained?
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Most human knowledge is indirect and not always reliable.
Most human knowledge is indirect and not always reliable.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a rationalist philosopher?
Which of the following is NOT considered a rationalist philosopher?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an empiricist philosopher?
Which of the following is NOT considered an empiricist philosopher?
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Which theory of perception argues that only ideas created by sensations are certain knowledge?
Which theory of perception argues that only ideas created by sensations are certain knowledge?
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What did Plato fear about realistic arts?
What did Plato fear about realistic arts?
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According to Aristotle, what makes art valuable?
According to Aristotle, what makes art valuable?
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What did Rene Descartes believe about beauty?
What did Rene Descartes believe about beauty?
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According to Kant, what is the basis for judging art?
According to Kant, what is the basis for judging art?
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What did George W.F. Hegel believe about the relationship between art and philosophy?
What did George W.F. Hegel believe about the relationship between art and philosophy?
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What did Friedrich Nietzsche believe about the power of art?
What did Friedrich Nietzsche believe about the power of art?
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What did John Dewey believe about the importance of an audience in art?
What did John Dewey believe about the importance of an audience in art?
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Which philosophical perspective on aesthetics emphasizes the role of conscious activity in the analysis of art?
Which philosophical perspective on aesthetics emphasizes the role of conscious activity in the analysis of art?
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According to David Hume, what is the basis for judgments about beauty?
According to David Hume, what is the basis for judgments about beauty?
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According to Kant, what should people focus on when making aesthetic judgments?
According to Kant, what should people focus on when making aesthetic judgments?
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What did Hegel believe about the source of true beauty?
What did Hegel believe about the source of true beauty?
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Which philosopher proposed the categorical imperative, emphasizing that actions should be based on principles that can be universally applied?
Which philosopher proposed the categorical imperative, emphasizing that actions should be based on principles that can be universally applied?
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What is the primary objective of philosophy?
What is the primary objective of philosophy?
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Which period in the history of philosophy focused on ethics influenced by Christianity?
Which period in the history of philosophy focused on ethics influenced by Christianity?
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Which period in the history of philosophy saw the rise of feminist philosophy and new schools of thought like phenomenology and existentialism?
Which period in the history of philosophy saw the rise of feminist philosophy and new schools of thought like phenomenology and existentialism?
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Which type of deductive reasoning involves a choice between two options?
Which type of deductive reasoning involves a choice between two options?
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Which of the following is NOT a fallacy?
Which of the following is NOT a fallacy?
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Which philosopher of science developed the geocentric theory, where Earth is at the center of the universe?
Which philosopher of science developed the geocentric theory, where Earth is at the center of the universe?
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Which philosopher of science introduced the heliocentric theory, shifting scientific thinking away from religious beliefs?
Which philosopher of science introduced the heliocentric theory, shifting scientific thinking away from religious beliefs?
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Which philosopher of science established the scientific method of testing hypotheses through sensory evidence?
Which philosopher of science established the scientific method of testing hypotheses through sensory evidence?
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Which philosopher challenged the idea of scientific theories being proven true and instead proposed that they can only be tested and accepted tentatively?
Which philosopher challenged the idea of scientific theories being proven true and instead proposed that they can only be tested and accepted tentatively?
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Which theory of truth suggests that a belief is true if it matches a fact about the physical world?
Which theory of truth suggests that a belief is true if it matches a fact about the physical world?
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Which theory of truth asserts that a belief is true if it is consistent with other beliefs or a body of knowledge?
Which theory of truth asserts that a belief is true if it is consistent with other beliefs or a body of knowledge?
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Which of the following is NOT a theory of the essence of art?
Which of the following is NOT a theory of the essence of art?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of postmodernist perspective on beauty?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of postmodernist perspective on beauty?
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What are metaethical questions?
What are metaethical questions?
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According to Aristotle, what is the key to becoming a good person?
According to Aristotle, what is the key to becoming a good person?
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According to Aquinas, how can people achieve perfection?
According to Aquinas, how can people achieve perfection?
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What does MacIntyre believe about virtues?
What does MacIntyre believe about virtues?
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Study Notes
Philosophy Exam Review
- Philosophy's Definition: Derived from Greek words for love and wisdom, philosophy involves an open-minded pursuit of truth.
Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics: Explores the nature of reality ("what is real?", "what is the meaning of life?").
- Epistemology: Studies knowledge and the justification of beliefs ("what does it mean to know?").
- Ethics: Examines right and wrong, good and evil, moral duties ("what obligations do people have towards each other?").
- Aesthetics: Studies art and beauty, judging artistic value ("what is beauty?").
- Political and Social Philosophy: Studies societal values and forms of government.
Logic and Reasoning
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Aristotle's Three Principles of Logic:
- Law of Non-Contradiction: Something cannot be both true and false at the same time.
- Law of Excluded Middle: Something is either true or false; no middle ground.
- Law of Identity: Something is what it is.
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Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning:
- Inductive: Based on observations, leading to probable but not certain conclusions. Requires reliable evidence.
- Deductive: Judged by validity (correct form), truth (true premises), and soundness (valid and true).
- Fallacies: Errors in reasoning. Examples include ad hominem, straw man, appeal to ignorance, false dilemma, slippery slope, circular reasoning, hasty generalization, false cause, appeal to authority, bandwagon fallacy, appeal to emotion.
Science and Philosophy
- Is Science Objective?: Postmodernists, feminists, scientific realists offer different perspectives, critiquing assumptions of objectivity.
- Quine on Falsifiability: Scientific theories are difficult (nearly impossible) to definitively prove false.
- Pseudoscience: Fake science.
- NOMA, Anthropic Principle, and Gaia Hypothesis: Potential ways to reconcile science and religion.
The Self
-
Theories of the Self:
- Substance Theory: The self is a fixed thing.
- Bundle Theory: The self is a collection of experiences.
- Narrative Theory: The self is constructed through stories.
- Project Theory: The self is actively shaped over time.
- Solutions to the mind-body problem: Materialism, Identity Theory, Eliminativism, Functionalism, Dualism, Subjectivism, and Monism.
The Supreme Being
- Theism, Deism, Polytheism, Monotheism, Pantheism, Panentheism: Different conceptions of a supreme being.
Free Will
- Hard Determinism, Soft Determinism, Theories of Free Will: Differing views on whether people can choose freely.
Knowledge and Philosophers
- Philosophers' Views on Knowledge: Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, and Kant each have their own ideas about how knowledge is acquired.
-
Types of Knowledge:
- Direct: Acquired through experience.
- Indirect: Acquired through reason and connection to direct knowledge.
- Competence: Practical skills.
- Propositional: Factual information.
Rationalism and Empiricism
- Rationalism: Reason-based knowledge is more reliable than sense experience. Examples: Plato, Descartes, Noam Chomsky.
- Empiricism: Knowledge is acquired through the senses. Examples: Aristotle, Aquinas, Locke, Hume.
Perception
- Theories of Perception: Common sense realism, representative theory, subjective idealism, phenomenalism.
Art and Aesthetics
- Philosophers' Views on Art: Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, Dewey, Georg W.F., have different perspectives on art, aesthetics, and the value of artistic expression.
- Aesthetic Theories: Idealism, Phenomenology, Existentialism offer unique perspectives on beauty and taste.
- Hume, Kant, Hegel on Beauty and Taste: These philosophers had different views on how subjective feeling relates to beauty.
Ethics
- Philosophical Perspectives on Ethics: Various philosophers (Moses, Confucius, Aristotle, Jesus, Aquinas, Kant, Gilligan, Gyekye) propose different approaches to understanding and defining ethical behavior, moral choices and actions.
- Ethical Principles: Virtues, the Golden Mean, Kant's Categorical Imperative, different approaches (including cultural and theists) to meaning and purpose.
The Meaning of Life
- Philosophical Perspectives on the Meaning of Life: Nihilism, Theism, Non-theism.
Conditions of Knowledge
- True Belief, Justified True Belief, Non-False Justification: Philosophers have debated these aspects of knowledge and truth.
Contemporary Theories
- Pragmatism, Deconstructionism, Edifying: Contemporary perspectives on epistemology.
Theories of Truth
- Correspondence Theory, Pragmatic Theory, Coherence Theory: Different views on what constitutes truth.
Skepticism:
- Skepticism: An approach that is concerned with doubting assumptions until proved, and questioning beliefs.
Additional Topics
- Historical Periods in Philosophy. A review of Pre-Socratic, Medieval, Renaissance, Early Modern, Enlightenment, Late Modern, and Contemporary Philosophy.
- Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive Reasoning: Explanation of the different types of rational thought and reasoning processes.
- Philosophy of Science: Examines different views of scientific thought.
- Realism, Materialism, Monism, Idealism, Dualism: Different views on the nature of reality.
- Personal Identity: Examines different views on personal identity.
- Strong AI Theory: The concept of human beings as computers.
- Arguments for the existence of a supreme being: Ontological, Cosmological, Design Arguments.
- Defining a "good person": Aristotle, Aquinas, Ross, MacIntyre.
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Description
Prepare for your philosophy exam with this comprehensive review. Explore key concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and social philosophy. Gain a deeper understanding of logic and reasoning through Aristotle's principles.