Philosophy Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What two Greek words does the word "philosophy" come from?

Love and Wisdom

What does metaphysics explore?

The nature of reality

What does epistemology explore?

The nature of knowledge and justification of beliefs

What does aesthetics explore?

<p>Art and beauty, and standards for judging artistic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does political and social philosophy explore?

<p>Social values and political forms of government</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Aristotle's three principles of logic?

<p>The law of causality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is based on observations and evidence, leading to conclusions that are probable but not certain?

<p>Inductive Reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?

<p>Ad Hominem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a response to the question of whether science is objective?

<p>Logical Positivist Response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Willard Van Orman Quine, it is nearly impossible to prove a scientific theory false.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pseudoscience?

<p>Fake science</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the NOMA principle stand for?

<p>Non-Overlapping Magisteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Anthropic Principle?

<p>The Anthropic Principle suggests that the universe is fine-tuned for the existence of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Gaia Hypothesis?

<p>The Gaia Hypothesis proposes that the Earth is a self-regulating system, with living organisms interacting with the environment to maintain life-supporting conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of the self proposes that the self is a determinate and unitary thing that persists over time?

<p>Substance Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of the self proposes that the self is shaped by narrative and storytelling?

<p>Narrative Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a solution to the mind-body problem?

<p>Solipsism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution to the mind-body problem claims that mental states can be realized through technology?

<p>Functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a concept of a supreme being?

<p>Nihilism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical view argues that human behavior is determined by factors beyond our control?

<p>Hard Determinism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Confucius believe about true wisdom?

<p>True wisdom comes from recognizing our own ignorance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Plato believe about the origin of knowledge?

<p>We are born with knowledge and it doesn't come from the senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle believe about the origin of knowledge?

<p>Knowledge comes from what we observe with our senses, and reasoning builds on that.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Descartes conclude about the only certainty in his doubt?

<p>I think therefore I am</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Locke believe about the mind at birth?

<p>The mind starts as a blank slate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Kant believe about the mind's role in understanding the world?

<p>Our mind actively shapes how we understand the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of knowledge involves skills that are easily demonstrated but not easily explained?

<p>Competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most human knowledge is indirect and not always reliable.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a rationalist philosopher?

<p>John Locke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an empiricist philosopher?

<p>Immanuel Kant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of perception argues that only ideas created by sensations are certain knowledge?

<p>Subjective Idealism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Plato fear about realistic arts?

<p>Realistic arts could distract from intellectual pursuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what makes art valuable?

<p>Art is judged for its own sake, not by moral standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rene Descartes believe about beauty?

<p>Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what is the basis for judging art?

<p>Art is judged on how it engages imagination, independent of content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did George W.F. Hegel believe about the relationship between art and philosophy?

<p>Art is a step to human thought evolving into philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Friedrich Nietzsche believe about the power of art?

<p>Art transforms life by providing people a positive and powerful world view.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Dewey believe about the importance of an audience in art?

<p>Art is only meaningful when engaged with by an audience, otherwise it is just a product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical perspective on aesthetics emphasizes the role of conscious activity in the analysis of art?

<p>Phenomenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to David Hume, what is the basis for judgments about beauty?

<p>Judgements about beauty are based on feelings, not facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what should people focus on when making aesthetic judgments?

<p>People should focus on an object's formal qualities, like harmony, not its usefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hegel believe about the source of true beauty?

<p>Real beauty comes from human thoughts and can only be made in human-made things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher proposed the categorical imperative, emphasizing that actions should be based on principles that can be universally applied?

<p>Kant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of philosophy?

<p>For people to think for themselves and develop their own philosophical positions based on well-reasoned arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period in the history of philosophy focused on ethics influenced by Christianity?

<p>Medieval Period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period in the history of philosophy saw the rise of feminist philosophy and new schools of thought like phenomenology and existentialism?

<p>Late Modern Period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of deductive reasoning involves a choice between two options?

<p>Disjunctive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a fallacy?

<p>Formal Logic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher of science developed the geocentric theory, where Earth is at the center of the universe?

<p>Claudius Ptolemy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher of science introduced the heliocentric theory, shifting scientific thinking away from religious beliefs?

<p>Copernicus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher of science established the scientific method of testing hypotheses through sensory evidence?

<p>Francis Bacon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher challenged the idea of scientific theories being proven true and instead proposed that they can only be tested and accepted tentatively?

<p>Karl Popper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of truth suggests that a belief is true if it matches a fact about the physical world?

<p>Correspondence Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of truth asserts that a belief is true if it is consistent with other beliefs or a body of knowledge?

<p>Coherence Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a theory of the essence of art?

<p>Instrumentalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of postmodernist perspective on beauty?

<p>Celebration of difference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are metaethical questions?

<p>Questions that focus on the nature, origins, and possibility of moral knowledge and judgments, rather than on specific moral actions or rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is the key to becoming a good person?

<p>Virtue is a matter of acting in accordance with reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, how can people achieve perfection?

<p>People can achieve perfection only by using their reason to know God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MacIntyre believe about virtues?

<p>What is considered virtuous varies across different societies and time periods; these virtues carry depending on the practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philosophy Exam Review

  • Philosophy's Definition: Derived from Greek words for love and wisdom, philosophy involves an open-minded pursuit of truth.

Branches of Philosophy

  • Metaphysics: Explores the nature of reality ("what is real?", "what is the meaning of life?").
  • Epistemology: Studies knowledge and the justification of beliefs ("what does it mean to know?").
  • Ethics: Examines right and wrong, good and evil, moral duties ("what obligations do people have towards each other?").
  • Aesthetics: Studies art and beauty, judging artistic value ("what is beauty?").
  • Political and Social Philosophy: Studies societal values and forms of government.

Logic and Reasoning

  • Aristotle's Three Principles of Logic:
    • Law of Non-Contradiction: Something cannot be both true and false at the same time.
    • Law of Excluded Middle: Something is either true or false; no middle ground.
    • Law of Identity: Something is what it is.
  • Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning:
    • Inductive: Based on observations, leading to probable but not certain conclusions. Requires reliable evidence.
    • Deductive: Judged by validity (correct form), truth (true premises), and soundness (valid and true).
  • Fallacies: Errors in reasoning. Examples include ad hominem, straw man, appeal to ignorance, false dilemma, slippery slope, circular reasoning, hasty generalization, false cause, appeal to authority, bandwagon fallacy, appeal to emotion.

Science and Philosophy

  • Is Science Objective?: Postmodernists, feminists, scientific realists offer different perspectives, critiquing assumptions of objectivity.
  • Quine on Falsifiability: Scientific theories are difficult (nearly impossible) to definitively prove false.
  • Pseudoscience: Fake science.
  • NOMA, Anthropic Principle, and Gaia Hypothesis: Potential ways to reconcile science and religion.

The Self

  • Theories of the Self:
    • Substance Theory: The self is a fixed thing.
    • Bundle Theory: The self is a collection of experiences.
    • Narrative Theory: The self is constructed through stories.
    • Project Theory: The self is actively shaped over time.
  • Solutions to the mind-body problem: Materialism, Identity Theory, Eliminativism, Functionalism, Dualism, Subjectivism, and Monism.

The Supreme Being

  • Theism, Deism, Polytheism, Monotheism, Pantheism, Panentheism: Different conceptions of a supreme being.

Free Will

  • Hard Determinism, Soft Determinism, Theories of Free Will: Differing views on whether people can choose freely.

Knowledge and Philosophers

  • Philosophers' Views on Knowledge: Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, and Kant each have their own ideas about how knowledge is acquired.
  • Types of Knowledge:
    • Direct: Acquired through experience.
    • Indirect: Acquired through reason and connection to direct knowledge.
    • Competence: Practical skills.
    • Propositional: Factual information.

Rationalism and Empiricism

  • Rationalism: Reason-based knowledge is more reliable than sense experience. Examples: Plato, Descartes, Noam Chomsky.
  • Empiricism: Knowledge is acquired through the senses. Examples: Aristotle, Aquinas, Locke, Hume.

Perception

  • Theories of Perception: Common sense realism, representative theory, subjective idealism, phenomenalism.

Art and Aesthetics

  • Philosophers' Views on Art: Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, Dewey, Georg W.F., have different perspectives on art, aesthetics, and the value of artistic expression.
  • Aesthetic Theories: Idealism, Phenomenology, Existentialism offer unique perspectives on beauty and taste.
  • Hume, Kant, Hegel on Beauty and Taste: These philosophers had different views on how subjective feeling relates to beauty.

Ethics

  • Philosophical Perspectives on Ethics: Various philosophers (Moses, Confucius, Aristotle, Jesus, Aquinas, Kant, Gilligan, Gyekye) propose different approaches to understanding and defining ethical behavior, moral choices and actions.
  • Ethical Principles: Virtues, the Golden Mean, Kant's Categorical Imperative, different approaches (including cultural and theists) to meaning and purpose.

The Meaning of Life

  • Philosophical Perspectives on the Meaning of Life: Nihilism, Theism, Non-theism.

Conditions of Knowledge

  • True Belief, Justified True Belief, Non-False Justification: Philosophers have debated these aspects of knowledge and truth.

Contemporary Theories

  • Pragmatism, Deconstructionism, Edifying: Contemporary perspectives on epistemology.

Theories of Truth

  • Correspondence Theory, Pragmatic Theory, Coherence Theory: Different views on what constitutes truth.

Skepticism:

  • Skepticism: An approach that is concerned with doubting assumptions until proved, and questioning beliefs.

Additional Topics

  • Historical Periods in Philosophy. A review of Pre-Socratic, Medieval, Renaissance, Early Modern, Enlightenment, Late Modern, and Contemporary Philosophy.
  • Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive Reasoning: Explanation of the different types of rational thought and reasoning processes.
  • Philosophy of Science: Examines different views of scientific thought.
  • Realism, Materialism, Monism, Idealism, Dualism: Different views on the nature of reality.
  • Personal Identity: Examines different views on personal identity.
  • Strong AI Theory: The concept of human beings as computers.
  • Arguments for the existence of a supreme being: Ontological, Cosmological, Design Arguments.
  • Defining a "good person": Aristotle, Aquinas, Ross, MacIntyre.

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Prepare for your philosophy exam with this comprehensive review. Explore key concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and social philosophy. Gain a deeper understanding of logic and reasoning through Aristotle's principles.

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