Philosophy Chapter 3: Logic

Originated from the Greek word "logos", which means word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle
In Arabic, the word "mantiq" means speech or words
Logic is the science of correct reasoning, studying rules and principles for making correct arguments
Logic serves as a tool for the mind to reason out correctly, and its core lies in its collection of universal and eternal rules that ascertain truth in the flow of man's statements

An argument composed of premises and a conclusion
Not equivalent to an opinion
Contains a sequence of statements in which one statement is the conclusion
Proposition: a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion to determine the statement's validity

Deductive Argument: starts with a more universal statement and concludes with a less universal statement
Inductive Argument: starts with a sufficient list of particular statements and ends with a probable universal statement as inferred from the premises
Abductive Reasoning: determining the precondition, using the conclusion and the rule to assume that the precondition could explain the conclusion

Slippery Slope: a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, Z will happen too, equating A and Z
Hasty Generalization: a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A'
Genetic Fallacy: a conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth
Begging the Claim: the conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim
Circular Argument: restates the argument rather than actually proving it
Either/Or: a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices
Ad hominem: an attack on the character of a person rather than their opinions or arguments
Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal: an appeal that presents what most people think in order to persuade one to think the same way
Red Herring: a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them
Straw Man: oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument
Moral Equivalence: compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities, suggesting that both are equally immoral

Originated from the Greek word "logos", which means word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle
In Arabic, the word "mantiq" means speech or words
Logic is the science of correct reasoning, studying rules and principles for making correct arguments
Logic serves as a tool for the mind to reason out correctly, and its core lies in its collection of universal and eternal rules that ascertain truth in the flow of man's statements

An argument composed of premises and a conclusion
Not equivalent to an opinion
Contains a sequence of statements in which one statement is the conclusion
Proposition: a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion to determine the statement's validity

Deductive Argument: starts with a more universal statement and concludes with a less universal statement
Inductive Argument: starts with a sufficient list of particular statements and ends with a probable universal statement as inferred from the premises
Abductive Reasoning: determining the precondition, using the conclusion and the rule to assume that the precondition could explain the conclusion

Slippery Slope: a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, Z will happen too, equating A and Z
Hasty Generalization: a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A'
Genetic Fallacy: a conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth
Begging the Claim: the conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim
Circular Argument: restates the argument rather than actually proving it
Either/Or: a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices
Ad hominem: an attack on the character of a person rather than their opinions or arguments
Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal: an appeal that presents what most people think in order to persuade one to think the same way
Red Herring: a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them
Straw Man: oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument
Moral Equivalence: compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities, suggesting that both are equally immoral