Philosophy and Sensory Perception Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to Plato's Allegory of the Cave, what is the primary limitation of the prisoners' understanding of reality?

  • They have not been exposed to a sufficient variety of sensory experiences.
  • They are incapable of forming complex ideas.
  • Their experience is limited to shadows, which are imperfect representations of true objects. (correct)
  • They lack the capacity for logical reasoning.

Which statement best captures Aristotle's view on the relationship between form and matter?

  • Form is the organization of matter, and both are necessary for existence. (correct)
  • Matter is the perfect realization of form, as exemplified by the equilateral triangle.
  • Form and matter are independent entities, with form existing prior to matter.
  • Form is merely an illusion, and only matter has true substance.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning, as emphasized by Descartes and later philosophers?

  • Deductive reasoning leads to probable conclusions, while inductive reasoning leads to certain conclusions.
  • Deductive reasoning starts with general principles, while inductive reasoning starts with specific observations. (correct)
  • Deductive reasoning starts with specific observations, while inductive reasoning starts with general principles.
  • Deductive reasoning relies on sensory experience, while inductive reasoning relies on logical thought.

According to John Locke's concept of the mind as a 'blank slate', how do simple ideas contribute to the formation of complex ideas?

<p>Simple ideas are combined and transformed through mental processes to create complex ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does David Hume explain our belief in causation, given his skepticism about proving cause and effect through sensory experience alone?

<p>Causation is a psychological habit formed through repeated observation of events occurring together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what are a priori structures?

<p>Innate, pre-existing frameworks like space, time, and causality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Weber's fraction in the context of JND (Just Noticeable Difference)?

<p>It represents the ratio of the JND to the standard stimulus intensity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a higher Weber fraction relate to discriminability?

<p>A higher Weber fraction indicates lower discriminability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scattering is equally effective for all wavelengths of light, often involving larger molecules?

<p>Non-selective scattering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Fechner propose with his concept of panpsychism?

<p>Every material thing has a mental aspect or component. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iris in the human eye?

<p>To control the amount of light entering the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Fechner's Law, how does perceived intensity change with an increase in stimulus intensity?

<p>Perceived intensity grows logarithmically with the actual stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Fechner's Law, what does a lower 'k' value indicate?

<p>A flatter function indicating higher discriminability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of vision, what does 'accommodation' refer to?

<p>The lens's ability to focus on objects at varying distances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is diagnosed with myopia. Which of the following best describes their condition?

<p>They have difficulty focusing on distant objects because their eyeball is too long. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes transduction in the context of physiological perception?

<p>The conversion of a physical stimulus into an electrical signal by a receptor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus play in sensory transmission?

<p>It relays and modulates sensory information to the cortex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hermann von Helmholtz, how does perception primarily occur?

<p>Through a process of unconscious inference and educated guesses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the photoreceptors located in the retina?

<p>To convert light into electrical signals that the brain can process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sensory perception, what is modulation?

<p>The alteration of sensory information based on factors like expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Stevens, what is indicated by an exponent 'a' > 1 in the power law?

<p>An exponential relationship between stimulus and perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs when light strikes a photopigment molecule in a photoreceptor?

<p>The chromophore changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the duplex retina, what is the term for vision in dim lighting conditions?

<p>Scotopic vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prothetic from metathetic sensory dimensions, according to Stevens?

<p>Prothetic involves variations in intensity, while metathetic involves variations in quality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During dark adaptation, what physiological change occurs in the eye to improve light sensitivity?

<p>The pupil dilates to allow more light to enter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the staircase method work in thresholding?

<p>The stimulus intensity is increased or decreased based on the participant's previous responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Signal Detection Theory (SDT), what does 'noise' refer to?

<p>Physiological or psychological processes influencing perception unpredictably. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does lateral inhibition contribute to visual perception?

<p>By enhancing contrast and improving the detection of edges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does the criterion represent?

<p>A decision threshold influenced by expectations or consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of light on photoreceptors?

<p>Hyperpolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of cells that convey information from the photoreceptors to the brain?

<p>Bipolar and Ganglion cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Rayleigh Scattering of light?

<p>The redirection of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ON-center/OFF-surround retinal ganglion cells, what effect does light have when it strikes the center of the receptive field?

<p>Activation of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In visual perception, how does the receptive field size typically change as you move from the fovea to the periphery of the retina?

<p>Receptive field size increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is visual acuity primarily dependent on?

<p>The contrast and spatial frequency of details (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between high spatial frequency gratings and lateral inhibition?

<p>High frequency gratings result in a loss of lateral inhibition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person with better than average vision is tested for visual acuity, what would be true of the visual angle required to resolve a cycle of grating?

<p>A smaller visual angle would be required. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it impossible to distinguish between the two frequencies with only two cones?

<p>With only two cones in the environment, each cone receives a mixture of black and white. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the frequency of a grating pattern is too high for the cones to distinguish?

<p>The cones cannot distinguish the black and white stripes, and we see gray instead. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In low contrast environments, what spatial frequency typically allows for the best visual acuity?

<p>Approximately 7 cycles per degree. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the magnocellular layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?

<p>Detecting motion and peripheral vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortical magnification affect visual processing in the brain?

<p>It dedicates more cortical space to central vision, improving detail processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do end-stopped cells in the visual cortex contribute to visual perception?

<p>By detecting angles, corners, and boundaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Immanuel Kant, what role does innate understanding play in depth perception?

<p>The brain has a pre-existing understanding of space and depth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monocular depth cue relies on the principle that objects higher in the visual field appear farther away?

<p>Relative Height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aerial perspective contribute to depth perception?

<p>Farther objects appear hazier and bluer due to atmospheric scattering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of dynamic cues, how does motion parallax provide information about depth?

<p>Closer objects appear to move faster across your vision than distant objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of optic flow in depth perception?

<p>When you move forward, objects seem to expand outward from a central point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does convergence, as a form of vergence, aid in depth perception?

<p>The eyes rotate inward to focus on close objects, determining absolute depth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stereopsis contribute to depth perception?

<p>Each eye sees a slightly different image, and the brain compares both images to create depth perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the optic radiations?

<p>To relay visual signals from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the primary visual cortex (V1). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the fovea have a disproportionately large representation in the primary visual cortex (V1)?

<p>Because the fovea is responsible for high-acuity central vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the blindsight phenomenon, how is it possible for individuals with V1 damage to react to visual stimuli?

<p>Their superior colliculus bypasses the primary visual cortex, allowing unconscious visual processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the tilt after-effect?

<p>Prolonged exposure to a tilted pattern, causing neurons sensitive to that orientation to become fatigued. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hypercolumns in V1?

<p>Analyzing all possible orientations from both eyes for a small part of the visual field. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vergence contribute to depth perception?

<p>By rotating the eyes inward (convergence) or outward (divergence) to focus on near or far objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optical infinity in the context of accommodation?

<p>The distance at which accommodation becomes ineffective for depth perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of binocular disparity in stereopsis?

<p>To create slightly different images in each eye, which the brain uses to calculate depth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes objects lying on the Vieth-Müller circle?

<p>They produce no disparity and appear at the same depth as the fixation point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain handle objects that fall within Panum's fusional area?

<p>It fuses the slightly disparate images into a single, clear image. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are crossed and uncrossed disparities related to perceived depth?

<p>Crossed disparity indicates objects closer than the fixation point, while uncrossed disparity indicates objects farther. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stereoscope rely on to simulate depth?

<p>Presenting one image to each eye, mimicking binocular disparity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do random dot stereograms demonstrate about the brain's processing of disparity and object recognition?

<p>Disparity processing occurs before object recognition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In binocular rivalry, what happens when completely different images are presented to each eye?

<p>The brain switches between the two images, with each dominating perception at different times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept does the 'dress illusion' (black & blue vs. white & gold) highlight regarding color perception?

<p>The subjective nature of color perception, where individual differences in interpreting lighting can lead to different color percepts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the principle of univariance in color perception?

<p>The inability to differentiate between a dim red light and a bright green light with a single cone type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate description of metamers in the context of color perception?

<p>Different mixtures of wavelengths that appear identical in color. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with damage to the MT/MST areas of their brain is most likely to experience which condition?

<p>Akinetopsia (motion blindness). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of cone type and the wavelength of light it is most sensitive to?

<p>L-Cones: Red light (~560 nm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of color perception, what critical function does the brain perform when exhibiting color constancy?

<p>Adjusting the perceived color of objects to account for changes in illumination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the opponent process theory, which color pairing would we not expect to perceive?

<p>Reddish-green. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal difference that distinguishes additive color mixing from subtractive color mixing?

<p>Additive mixing involves combining different wavelengths of light, while subtractive mixing involves absorbing light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key insight did Mary gain in the Mary's Room thought experiment upon seeing color for the first time?

<p>That subjective experience cannot be fully explained by physical knowledge alone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental question posed by the "hard problem" of consciousness, as defined by David Chalmers?

<p>Why and how neural activity gives rise to subjective experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motion detection circuits, what role does a delay neuron (D) play?

<p>It corrects errors by incorporating time into the circuit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is missing L-cones, which color vision deficiency would they be diagnosed with?

<p>Protanope (red-blind). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains why movies appear as continuous motion despite being a series of still images?

<p>The Phi Phenomenon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inverted spectrum thought experiment primarily challenge regarding our understanding of color perception?

<p>The distinction between objective reality and subjective experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neural computation supports the opponent process theory of color vision?

<p>Comparing the relative activity between different cone types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of the motion after-effect (waterfall effect)?

<p>Overstimulation of motion detectors, leading to adaptation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fechner's Law

Subjective perception is directly related to stimulus intensity.

Theory of Forms

Real knowledge exists beyond sensory perception, discovered by reason.

Rationalism

Knowledge is gained through reason and logic, not senses.

Inductive Reasoning

Drawing general conclusions from specific observations; conclusions are probable.

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Locke's Theory of Ideas

Mind is a blank slate; sensory experiences create simple ideas, forming complex ideas.

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Immanuel Kant

Philosopher who argued for the existence of causation and innate knowledge structures.

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Causation

The relationship between cause and effect recognized by the mind, according to Kant.

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A priori structures

Innate knowledge frameworks like space, time, and causation that exist before experience.

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Noumenon

The thing-in-itself, an external reality that is not directly perceived.

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Weber's JND

The smallest difference in weight that a person can perceive, indicating change.

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Weber Fraction

The constant ratio (1/40) that relates the JND to the standard weight.

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Transduction

The process of converting physical stimuli into electrical signals in neurons.

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Action Potential

An electrical impulse that travels down a neuron when activated, transmitting information.

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Signal Detection Theory

Framework analyzing the ability to distinguish between signal (information) and noise (distraction).

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Response Bias

A tendency to favor certain responses over others in the decision-making process.

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Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves

Graphical representation of a detector's sensitivity across different thresholds.

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Properties of Light

Characterized by frequency and wave-particle duality; interacts with matter in specific ways.

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Rayleigh Scattering

The scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of light, causing color changes.

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Mie Scattering

All wavelengths of light scatter evenly when hitting larger molecules.

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Non-Selective Scattering

Scattering of light by larger molecules, similar to Mie but less specific.

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Light Absorption

The process where light is converted into other forms of energy, like heat from the sun.

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Specular Reflection

Light reflects off a smooth surface in a predictable direction.

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Diffuse Reflection

Light reflects off a rough surface and scatters in many directions.

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Transmission

The passage of light through a material, such as glass.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

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Lens Accommodation

The lens contracts to focus light on the retina for clear vision at different distances.

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Emmetropia

A state where the lens is relaxed and focuses light properly on the retina for distant objects.

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Myopia

Nearsightedness caused by an eyeball that is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

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Hyperopia

Farsightedness caused by an eyeball that is too short, causing light to focus behind the retina.

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Astigmatism

An irregular lens shape leading to multiple focal points and blurred vision.

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Photo Transduction

The conversion of light into electrical signals in the retina for brain processing.

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Photopigment

Light-sensitive molecules in photoreceptors that change shape when exposed to light.

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Dark Adaptation

The process by which the eye adjusts to lower light, increasing sensitivity to light over time.

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Visual Acuity

The ability to distinguish fine details in vision, often measured in arc minutes.

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Visual Angle

The space an object occupies on the retina, measured in degrees.

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Cycle of Grating

A visual pattern consisting of one black stripe and one white stripe.

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Contrast Sensitivity

The ability to detect differences in light and dark areas, affecting how we perceive visual acuity.

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Spatial Frequency

The number of grating cycles per degree of vision, influencing how we see shapes and details.

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Photoreceptor Spacing

The distance between cones in the retina, crucial for visual acuity.

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Optic Chiasm

The point where some optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.

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Parvocellular Layers

Layers in the LGN of the Thalamus responsible for detecting fine details and color.

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Cortical Magnification

A phenomenon where central vision occupies a larger area of the primary visual cortex than peripheral vision.

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Monocular Cues

Depth cues that can be perceived with one eye, aiding in depth perception.

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Occlusion

A monocular cue indicating that an object is closer if it blocks another object.

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Stereopsis

Depth perception resulting from the slightly different images seen by each eye.

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Motion Parallax

A depth cue where closer objects move faster across your field of vision than distant objects.

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Convergence

The inward turning of the eyes when focusing on a near object, helping in depth perception.

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Texture Gradient

The perception change of texture patterns, appearing denser as they recede into the distance.

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Optic Radiations

Axons from the LGN that project to the primary visual cortex (V1).

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Blindsight Phenomenon

Ability to react to visual stimuli without conscious awareness due to V1 damage.

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Tilt After-Effect

Perception change where vertical lines appear tilted after prolonged exposure to a tilted pattern.

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Hypercolumns in V1

Structures in V1 containing neurons that detect all possible orientations from both eyes.

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Depth Perception

Ability to see the world in three dimensions using both eyes.

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Oculomotor Depth Cues

Physical eye movements (vergence and accommodation) that help determine depth.

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Vieth-Müller Circle

An imaginary circle where objects appear at the same depth as the fixation point, producing no disparity.

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Horopter

The region where objects project onto corresponding retinal points in both eyes, appearing at the same depth.

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Crossed Disparity

When an object closer than the fixation point appears on the outer retina of both eyes.

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Uncrossed Disparity

When an object further than the fixation point appears on the inner retina of both eyes.

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Neural Basis of Stereopsis

Different binocular neurons in V1 encode various types of disparity for depth perception.

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Stereoscope

A device that presents two images to simulate depth perception, used in 3D technology.

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Correspondence Problem

The challenge of matching points in each eye’s image for coherent perception.

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Three Cone Types

The human eye has S-Cones, M-Cones, and L-Cones for color detection.

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Color Blindness

A condition where one or more cone types are missing or defective, affecting color perception.

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Additive Color Mixing

Combining different wavelengths of light; primary colors are Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).

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Subtractive Color Mixing

Mixing paints or inks that absorb light; primary colors are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (CMY).

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Metamers

Different mixtures of light wavelengths that appear the same color to the eye.

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Opponent Process Theory

Brain processes colors in opposing pairs (Red vs. Green, Blue vs. Yellow).

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Illegal Colors

Colors that cannot be perceived together, supporting opponent-process theory.

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Neural Coding in Color Vision

Describes how color perception results from activity patterns in cone types.

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Color Constancy

The ability to perceive consistent colors despite changes in lighting.

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Akinetopsia

A rare disorder where a person cannot perceive motion, seeing it as still images.

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Phi Phenomenon

Perception of motion created by two flashing lights in sequence.

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Motion After-Effect

An optical illusion where stationary objects appear to move after viewing motion.

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Trichromatic Theory

Theory explaining color perception through three types of cones in the retina.

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Study Notes

Fechner's Law

  • Fechner's Law describes the relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and perceived intensity.
  • Perceived intensity does not increase linearly with the stimulus intensity.
  • Instead, it increases at proportionally faster rate as physical intensity increases.
  • The relationship can be demonstrated by logarithmic function.

Classical Philosophers

  • Plato (Allegory of the Cave): Prisoners chained in a cave, only seeing shadows, which they perceive as reality. Breaking free reveals the true nature of objects behind the shadows. Implication: our sensory perception isn't the ultimate reality.
  • Plato (Theory of Forms): Perfect forms exist, but sensory experience only captures imperfect representations of these forms. Ultimate knowledge is through reason, not senses. Forms are abstract, cannot be experienced through senses.
  • Aristotle: Proposed that the form of something is the organization of the matter composing it. Matter and form are interconnected, mutually dependent. Our minds are the 'organization' of living matter.

Rationalism vs. Empiricism

  • Rationalism: Knowledge gained through reason and logic, discounting sensory experience.
  • Empiricism: Knowledge primarily comes from sensory experience and observation of the world.

Rene Descartes (Rationalist)

  • Advocated for deductive reasoning over inductive reasoning.
  • Deductive reasoning: Conclusions MUST be true, if the premises are true. Logical and certain. Requires proving premises, potentially leading to infinite regress.
  • Inductive reasoning: Conclusions are probable, not certain and based on multiple observations.
  • Descartes sought self-evident truths to derive all knowledge.
    • "I think, therefore I am" (Cogito)

John Locke (Empiricist)

  • The mind is a blank slate ("tabula rasa").
  • Experience leaves marks (simple ideas), which combine to form complex ideas.

David Hume (Empiricist)

  • Questioned the validity of causality ("cause and effect") based on sensory experience.
  • Causation is a psychological habit, not a logical necessity.

Immanuel Kant

  • Argued for a priori structures: innate knowledge (e.g., space, time, cause and effect).
  • Proposed that space and time are organizing principles provided by the mind.
  • Distinguished between the "thing-in-itself" (noumenon) and our experience of it. (phenomenon).
  • Acknowledged external reality, but argued that we only perceive it through these frameworks constructed by the mind.

Physiological Background

  • Weber: Introduced the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Weber's Fraction. JND is the smallest detectable difference in stimulus intensity. Weber's Fraction is a constant ratio.
  • Weber's Law: The JND is a constant proportion of the standard stimulus intensity.
  • Fechner's Panpsychism: Matter has a mental aspect. Perception. is central.
  • Fechner's Law: The larger the stimulus, the larger the change needed for a difference to be perceived.
  • Stevens' Law: Expanded Fechner's Law to include a wider range of sensory modalities.
  • Transduction: The physical stimulus becomes an electrical signal.
  • Transmission: The electrical signal travels along nerves.
  • Synapse: Connections transmit signals.
  • Thalamus: A relay station for sensory information.
  • Sensory Cortices: Where conscious perception begins.

Methods of Thresholding

  • Method of Constant Stimuli: Vary stimuli near threshold to create a distribution of responses that determine the threshold.
  • Method of Limits: Gradually increase or decrease the stimulus intensity to find the threshold.
  • Staircase Method: A refined method of limits that adjusts the intensity increment or decrement based on previous responses.
  • Method of Adjustment: Participants themselves adjust the stimulus intensity to the threshold.

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

  • Signal: True sensory information.
  • Noise: Physiological and psychological factors affecting perception.
  • Response Bias: Individual tendency to respond "yes" or "no".
  • Sensitivity (d'): Ability to distinguish signal from noise.
  • Criterion: Decision threshold set by the individual, reflecting response bias.
  • ROC Curve: Graphical representation of sensitivity and response bias.

Vision: Light and the Eye

  • Light is electromagnetic radiation characterized by wavelength.
  • Light properties: scattering, absorption, reflection, transmission, refraction.
  • Eye Anatomy: Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, iris, lens, retina, choroid, sclera
  • Accommodation: Adjustment of lens shape for near/far vision.
  • Visual Acuity: Clarity of vision; depends contrast and spatial frequency.
  • Retinal photoreceptors (rods and cones): Rods are low-light/scotopic; cones are high-light/photopic, color vision.
  • Phototransduction: light converted to electrical signals.

The Retina

  • Photopigments: Light-sensitive molecules within the rods and cones.
  • Dark Adaptation: Increase in light sensitivity in low light.
  • Receptive Fields: Regions on the retina influencing neuron firing.
  • Lateral Inhibition: Sharpening of contrast through suppressing neighboring neurons' activity.

Visual Processing

  • Optic Chiasm: Nerve fiber crossover.
  • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): Thalamic relay station for visual information.
  • Primary Visual Cortex (V1): Where conscious visual perception begins.
  • Cortical Magnification: Central vision takes up more brain space than peripheral vision.

Depth Perception

  • Monocular cues: Depth cues working with one eye.
  • Binocular cues: Depth cues requiring both eyes.
  • Pictorial cues: Depth cues relying on static images such as relative size, occlusion, etc.
  • Dynamic cues: Depth cues relying on movement such as motion parallax.

Binocular Depth Cues

  • Vergence: Eye movements for focusing on nearby or distant objects
  • Binocular disparity: Slight difference in images between the two eyes.
  • Stereopsis: Depth perception relying on binocular disparity.

Color Perception

  • Trichromatic theory: Three cone types (short, medium, long wavelength).
  • Opponent process theory: Pairs of colors (e.g. red-green, blue-yellow) are processed in opposition.
  • Color constancy: Perception of consistent color despite different lighting conditions.
  • Color blindness: Deficiencies in cone functioning.

Motion Perception

  • Akinetopsia: Motion blindness
  • Apparent motion: Perception of motion from a sequence of still images (e.g., movies).
  • Motion after-effects: Perception of motion in the opposite direction after adapting to a moving stimulus.

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