Philosophy and Psychology Overview
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Philosophy and Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Epistemology is concerned with moral principles and what is considered good.

False

Which branch of philosophy focuses on the nature of reality?

  • Logic
  • Epistemology
  • Metaphysics (correct)
  • Ethics

    • Who is known for tackling the issue of dualism in philosophy?

    Rene Descartes

    The branch of philosophy that examines arguments and reasoning is known as _____ and focuses on whether reasoning is good or bad.

    <p>Logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following branches of philosophy with their focus areas:

    <p>Metaphysics = Study of reality Epistemology = Study of knowledge Ethics = Study of morality Logic = Study of reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following questions relates to the study of Ethics?

    <p>What is considered to be morally right?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology primarily focuses on the nature of reality without considering philosophical questions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective does psychology offer on the debate of fate versus free will?

    <p>Psychology examines whether one's life path is determined during childhood or by choices made later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with discovering white and gray matter?

    <p>Franz Josef Gall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following domains is NOT part of social psychology as conceptualized in three major domains?

    <p>Social Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilhelm Wundt founded the field of psychology in 1879.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>Franz Josef Gall = Discovery of white and gray matter Von Helmholtz = Speed of neural impulse Weber = Two-point thresholds Fechner = Founding of psychophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speed of neural impulse was determined by _____ to be 90 feet per second.

    <p>Von Helmholtz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Introspection was widely accepted and used throughout the 20th century by behaviorists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social influence includes factors such as genes, culture, and gender.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggests that people are motivated to increase tension when holding conflicting beliefs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their primary concepts:

    <p>Social Comparison Theory = Comparison to peers influence self-evaluation Cognitive Dissonance Theory = Motivation to reduce conflicting thoughts Psychology of Attitudes = Study of how feelings influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Wundt employ to study sensation and perception?

    <p>introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the phenomenon where we compare ourselves to those we consider socially better?

    <p>Upward social comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes attitudes as characterized in social psychology?

    <p>Expressions of liking or disliking something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person may experience psychological discomfort when there are inconsistencies between their _______ and their behavior.

    <p>cognitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure proposed the concepts of two-point thresholds and just noticeable difference?

    <p>Weber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ view of attitudes conceptualizes attitude as having three distinct components.

    <p>tri-componential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    European social psychology emphasizes interindividual influences over group relations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social Identity Theory suggests that one's group membership is irrelevant to self-esteem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the notable European social psychologists mentioned?

    <p>Serge Moscovici and Henri Tajfel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive, affective, and __________ are the three components of attitudes.

    <p>behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Social Identity Theory = Understanding intergroup discrimination Social Representation = Socially shared ideas about the world Psychological Social Psychology = Focus on individual cognitive processes Sociological Social Psychology = Emphasis on social groups and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between absolute and difference thresholds?

    <p>Absolute threshold is the minimum change required to detect a stimulus, while difference threshold refers to the smallest difference detectable between two stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of attitudes does the statement 'I like Filipinos' represent?

    <p>Affective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shared meanings produced through talk guide?

    <p>Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for a minority to effectively persuade the majority?

    <p>They must remain consistent with their position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asian social psychology focuses primarily on individual behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the framework for Asian social psychology called relational orientation?

    <p>Ho</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criticism of North American social psychology by European psychologists?

    <p>Narrow and experimental focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Minority Influence = Persuasion exerted by a smaller group on a larger group Relational Orientation = Focus on relationships in understanding social behavior Societal Psychology = European emphasis on social contexts Individual Orientation = American emphasis on personality and individual actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minority groups have no impact on initiating social change.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ho, attempts to predict social behavior by personality variables alone are doomed to _____.

    <p>fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is NOT a contribution of Asian social psychologists?

    <p>Individual behavior analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should Asian social psychology strive to create?

    <p>A global identity with an Asian character</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy and Psychology

    • Psychology emerged from philosophy, a pursuit of knowledge covering reality, existence, and morality.
    • Metaphysics explores reality's nature, questioning free will vs. determinism and the existence of a higher power.
    • Epistemology focuses on the nature of knowledge, investigating how we know what we know.
    • Ethics discusses morality, guiding behavior and treatment of others.
    • Logic evaluates reasoning structures to determine validity and reliability.
    • Psychology seeks to understand mental processes, attributions, and causal relationships, linking closely with the four philosophical branches.

    Key Philosophical Influences on Psychology

    • Dualism: Concept questioning whether the mind and body are separate entities; examined by René Descartes.
    • Neuroscience pioneers: Franz Josef Gall discovered the nervous system's electrical impulse conduction; Von Helmholtz determined neural impulse speed (90 feet/second).
    • Weber's research: Introduced two-point thresholds and just noticeable difference; foundational concepts in psychophysics.
    • Fechner's contributions: Established absolute and difference thresholds, critical for empirical studies in psychology.

    Birth of Psychological Science

    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in Leipzig (1879), marking formal recognition of psychology as a science.
    • Focused on sensation and perception, employing introspection for mental state examination.
    • Developed rigorous experimental controls and trained observers, emphasizing objective measures and laboratory equipment.

    Domains of Social Psychology

    • Social Thinking: Involves self-concept, beliefs, and judgment.
    • Social Influence: Covers genetic, cultural, and gender influences, including conformity and persuasion dynamics.
    • Social Relations: Examines prejudice, aggression, attraction, helping behavior, conflict, and peacemaking strategies.

    Cornerstone Theories of Social Psychology

    • Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954): Based on the idea that people learn about themselves by comparing to others, emphasizing upward and downward social comparisons for self-esteem regulation.
    • Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957): Describes psychological discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs or attitudes; individuals strive to reduce this tension by adjusting their beliefs or behaviors.

    Understanding Attitudes

    • Central to American social psychology; attitudes reflect evaluations towards people, concepts, or behaviors.
    • Tri-componential view of attitudes:
      • Cognitive: Thoughts and beliefs (e.g., views on a culture).
      • Affective: Emotional responses (e.g., feelings about a culture).
      • Behavioral: Actions taken (e.g., intentions towards marriage).

    European Perspectives on Social Psychology

    • European psychologists like Serge Moscovici and Henri Tajfel initiated critiques of North American individualism, advocating for a community-focused approach.
    • Emphasized intergroup relations, leading to distinctions in social psychology theory and application.
    • Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979): Highlights how group affiliation influences self-esteem and intergroup bias.
    • Social Representation (Moscovici, 1961): Discusses shared beliefs, guiding societal actions and interpretations of events.

    Minority Influence in Social Change

    • Identifies the role of consistent minority viewpoints in instigating significant social movements.
    • Effective minority groups exhibit position consistency to build perceived confidence and encourage defections from the majority viewpoint.

    Asian Contributions to Social Psychology

    • Asian psychology emphasizes cultural context compared to Western individualism and societal focus.
    • Ho’s relational orientation framework: Highlights the importance of interconnections in human behavior and its consequences for predicting social outcomes.
    • Asian social psychology aims for a global identity with unique perspectives, enhancing understanding of social behavior within Asian contexts and beyond.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between philosophy and psychology, tracing psychology's roots back to philosophical inquiry. It delves into the four main branches of philosophy, with a focus on metaphysics and its relevance to contemporary psychological questions. Discover how these disciplines intertwine and influence each other in the quest for knowledge.

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