Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the guarantee against double jeopardy ensure?
What does the guarantee against double jeopardy ensure?
- No one can be tried twice for the same charge after being acquitted or convicted. (correct)
- No one can be retried if new evidence surfaces after a conviction.
- No one can be convicted of a lesser charge after an acquittal.
- No one can be tried for different charges related to the same incident.
Which choice describes the first option in the trilemma regarding the justification of a belief?
Which choice describes the first option in the trilemma regarding the justification of a belief?
- Highlighting circular reasoning.
- Inferring Q from R.
- Inferring P from Q.
- Treating belief in P as self-justifying. (correct)
What does the term 'substitution instance' refer to in argumentative forms?
What does the term 'substitution instance' refer to in argumentative forms?
- Specific statements replacing variables in an argument form. (correct)
- The instances where arguments are circular.
- The infinite variations of a single argument.
- The process of creating invalid arguments.
In disjunctive syllogism, what conclusion can be derived if one of the disjuncts is negated?
In disjunctive syllogism, what conclusion can be derived if one of the disjuncts is negated?
How many substitution instances are there for disjunctive syllogism?
How many substitution instances are there for disjunctive syllogism?
What is a characteristic of circular reasoning as described in the trilemma?
What is a characteristic of circular reasoning as described in the trilemma?
What categorizes a categorical argument as invalid?
What categorizes a categorical argument as invalid?
What distinguishes a linked argument from a conductive argument?
What distinguishes a linked argument from a conductive argument?
What is the difference between the first and third scenarios of the trilemma?
What is the difference between the first and third scenarios of the trilemma?
In which scenario would the removal of a premise not spoil an argument?
In which scenario would the removal of a premise not spoil an argument?
How do logicians typically evaluate linked arguments?
How do logicians typically evaluate linked arguments?
What is meant by a conductive argument being 'inductive'?
What is meant by a conductive argument being 'inductive'?
Why might a prosecutor's case still be strong even if one piece of evidence is refuted?
Why might a prosecutor's case still be strong even if one piece of evidence is refuted?
What is an example of a linked argument?
What is an example of a linked argument?
What does it mean when an argument is described as 'conductive'?
What does it mean when an argument is described as 'conductive'?
What happens to a conductive argument if one premise is found to be false?
What happens to a conductive argument if one premise is found to be false?
What kind of argument is represented by the following premises: 1. P implies Q 2. Q implies R 3. R implies S 4. So, P must imply S?
What kind of argument is represented by the following premises: 1. P implies Q 2. Q implies R 3. R implies S 4. So, P must imply S?
What issue is present in the following conductive argument: 1. Nixon helped forge better relations between the U.S. and China. 2. Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency. 3. Nixon ended the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. 4. So, it’s reasonable to conclude that Nixon was a good president?
What issue is present in the following conductive argument: 1. Nixon helped forge better relations between the U.S. and China. 2. Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency. 3. Nixon ended the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. 4. So, it’s reasonable to conclude that Nixon was a good president?
In the argument 'The death penalty is expensive and requires considerable investment of prosecutor resources,' which type of argument is illustrated?
In the argument 'The death penalty is expensive and requires considerable investment of prosecutor resources,' which type of argument is illustrated?
What distinguishes a conductive argument from a linked argument?
What distinguishes a conductive argument from a linked argument?
What problem exists in the following conductive argument: 1. Nixon was a good husband. 2. Nixon was kind to animals. 3. Nixon was born in a farmhouse?
What problem exists in the following conductive argument: 1. Nixon was a good husband. 2. Nixon was kind to animals. 3. Nixon was born in a farmhouse?
What does it mean that some evidence is referred to as 'circumstantial' in a legal context?
What does it mean that some evidence is referred to as 'circumstantial' in a legal context?
Which of the following best describes the argument: 1. Tom says he hates the taste of walnuts. 2. Tom is allergic to walnuts. 3. Tom has always declined any offer of walnuts in the past. 4. So, probably Tom will decline any walnuts you offer him?
Which of the following best describes the argument: 1. Tom says he hates the taste of walnuts. 2. Tom is allergic to walnuts. 3. Tom has always declined any offer of walnuts in the past. 4. So, probably Tom will decline any walnuts you offer him?
What flaw can be identified in the argument where the defense successfully points out that polygraph results are inadmissible as evidence in court?
What flaw can be identified in the argument where the defense successfully points out that polygraph results are inadmissible as evidence in court?
What is the main claim of the argument against college education?
What is the main claim of the argument against college education?
What is one reason given for opposing tipping?
What is one reason given for opposing tipping?
In the argument against voting, what is one reason provided for not voting?
In the argument against voting, what is one reason provided for not voting?
What is a potential benefit of college education mentioned in the argument, despite its criticisms?
What is a potential benefit of college education mentioned in the argument, despite its criticisms?
Which of the following is a counterpoint addressed in the argument against tipping?
Which of the following is a counterpoint addressed in the argument against tipping?
According to the arguments presented, what is one consequences of college courses?
According to the arguments presented, what is one consequences of college courses?
What conclusion is supported about the practice of voting in the argument presented?
What conclusion is supported about the practice of voting in the argument presented?
What is a drawback of tipping mentioned in the argument?
What is a drawback of tipping mentioned in the argument?
How can one reject a normative premise in an argument?
How can one reject a normative premise in an argument?
What is the primary difference between believing P and making P your working assumption?
What is the primary difference between believing P and making P your working assumption?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates an exception to a normative premise?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates an exception to a normative premise?
What role do secular moral theories play in evaluating arguments with normative premises?
What role do secular moral theories play in evaluating arguments with normative premises?
What is the definition of an argument based on the provided content?
What is the definition of an argument based on the provided content?
What is a possible implication of identifying a premise as inconsistent with an author's deeper commitments?
What is a possible implication of identifying a premise as inconsistent with an author's deeper commitments?
Which of the following claims is not a reliable way to reject a normative premise?
Which of the following claims is not a reliable way to reject a normative premise?
Which statement is true about ethical judgments in arguments?
Which statement is true about ethical judgments in arguments?
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Study Notes
The New York Times
- Is a reliable source of news
The Guarantee Against Double Jeopardy
- Prevents individuals from facing multiple trials for the same charge
Philosophical Trilemma
- Offers three potential options for justifying a belief in P
- Accepting P as self-evident, requiring no further proof
- Reasoning in a circle, inferring conclusions from each other in a loop
- Creating an infinite regress, continuously justifying one proposition with another
Argument Forms
- Disjunctive syllogism: a valid argument form where the conclusion follows logically from the premises
- Premise 1: Either p or q
- Premise 2: Not p
- Conclusion: So, q
- Substitution instance: a specific example of an argument form using concrete statements or classes
- Example: Either Rolls Royce makes sports cars, or Ferrari makes sports cars. Rolls Royce does not make sports cars. So, Ferrari makes sports cars.
- Categorical arguments: arguments that make claims about categories or classes
- Example: All A are B. So, all B are A.
- Linked argument: an argument in which all premises must be true for the conclusion to be logically valid
- Removing any premise ruins the argument
- Conductive argument: an argument in which each premise contributes to the conclusion, but removal of a premise doesn't necessarily invalidate the argument
- Premises are meant to provide independent support for the conclusion, even though combined support is stronger
- Common in everyday life and specialized contexts
Evaluating Conductive Arguments
- Consider whether the premises together create a strong enough case for the conclusion
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each individual premise
- Determine if the argument appeals to emotions or biases instead of logic
Evaluating Arguments with Normative Premises
- Normative premises express ethical judgments or value claims
- The strength of an argument with a normative premise depends on:
- Shared moral judgments between the arguer and the evaluator
- Identifying inconsistencies between the normative premise and the arguer's deeper commitments
- Recognizing exceptions to a general normative premise
Important Points
- Pragmatic arguments rely on action or assumptions, not necessarily on truth
- Evaluating arguments requires understanding their internal logic and underlying assumptions
- Arguments should provide sufficient evidence and avoid fallacious reasoning
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