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Questions and Answers
What does self refer to in the context of personality?
What does self refer to in the context of personality?
- The sum of social interactions
- The physical appearance of an individual
- The character that makes a person unique (correct)
- A collection of habits and skills
According to Socrates, which aspect of a person is considered the true self?
According to Socrates, which aspect of a person is considered the true self?
- The social persona one presents
- The soul and its eternal nature (correct)
- The mind and its capabilities
- The body and its physical attributes
Which of the following best describes Plato's view on happiness?
Which of the following best describes Plato's view on happiness?
- It comes from disregarding the soul's needs
- It relies solely on social acceptance
- It is achieved through fulfilling all desires
- It requires balancing the three parts of the soul (correct)
What did St. Augustine imply about the nature of man?
What did St. Augustine imply about the nature of man?
What is the aim of the Socratic method?
What is the aim of the Socratic method?
Which term best summarizes the three elements of the self according to Plato?
Which term best summarizes the three elements of the self according to Plato?
What defines the relationship among the three parts of the soul according to Plato?
What defines the relationship among the three parts of the soul according to Plato?
Which philosophical perspective emphasizes the importance of examining one's life?
Which philosophical perspective emphasizes the importance of examining one's life?
What does Descartes' phrase 'Cogito ergo sum' emphasize about the self?
What does Descartes' phrase 'Cogito ergo sum' emphasize about the self?
According to John Locke, how is the self primarily constructed?
According to John Locke, how is the self primarily constructed?
What is David Hume's view on the nature of the self?
What is David Hume's view on the nature of the self?
What does Immanuel Kant suggest about the mind's role in understanding the self?
What does Immanuel Kant suggest about the mind's role in understanding the self?
How does Descartes define the essence of the human self?
How does Descartes define the essence of the human self?
Which level of the mind contains thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought to consciousness?
Which level of the mind contains thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought to consciousness?
According to Hume, what are impressions?
According to Hume, what are impressions?
What is the significance of consciousness in Locke's philosophy of self?
What is the significance of consciousness in Locke's philosophy of self?
What principle does the EGO operate on according to Freud's model?
What principle does the EGO operate on according to Freud's model?
Which statement aligns with Kant's idea of transcendental self?
Which statement aligns with Kant's idea of transcendental self?
According to Gilbert Ryle, how can the self best be understood?
According to Gilbert Ryle, how can the self best be understood?
Which statement reflects Paul Churchland's view on the self?
Which statement reflects Paul Churchland's view on the self?
What does Maurice Merleau-Ponty mean by 'embodied subjectivity'?
What does Maurice Merleau-Ponty mean by 'embodied subjectivity'?
Which structure of the mind in Freud's model is associated with instinctive desires?
Which structure of the mind in Freud's model is associated with instinctive desires?
What aspect of the mind does the unconscious primarily influence?
What aspect of the mind does the unconscious primarily influence?
What does the concept of 'reality principle' in Freudian theory represent?
What does the concept of 'reality principle' in Freudian theory represent?
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Study Notes
Understanding the Self
- The self represents an individual's character, distinctiveness, and emotional complexity.
- It encompasses thoughts, feelings, and personality traits that manifest in various situations.
Philosophical Perspective
- Philosophy embodies a pursuit of wisdom and understanding the nature of human existence.
Socrates
- Advocated for examining life, equating the self with the soul.
- Distinguishes between the changeable physical realm and the unchanging ideal realm of the soul.
- Emphasized living a purposeful life through careful self-examination using the Socratic method.
Plato
- Defined the self as an immortal soul with three parts: Appetite, Spirited, and Rational.
- Suggested that happiness arises when reason governs passions and desires.
- Emphasized the eternal importance of the soul over the physical body.
St. Augustine
- Differentiated the immortal soul from the physical body, stating the soul defines humanity.
- Believed humans are created in God's image and are inherently geared toward goodness.
René Descartes
- Pioneered modern philosophy with "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am).
- Asserted that the act of thinking validates the existence of the self, which is ultimately rational and analytical.
John Locke
- Proposed the mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa), shaped by experiences over time.
- Stressed the importance of consciousness and personal experiences in defining the self.
David Hume
- Argued that the self is an illusion, comprised of a collection of perceptions.
- Differentiated between immediate impressions from senses and ideas that arise from memory, rejecting the existence of a permanent self.
Immanuel Kant
- Suggested the mind actively organizes experiences rather than passively receiving them.
- Presented the self as a construct that integrates perceptions and transcends sensory experience.
Sigmund Freud
- Described a multi-layered self consisting of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels.
- Introduced structural components: ID (instinctive desires), EGO (reality-driven), and SUPEREGO (moral constraints).
Gilbert Ryle
- Conceptualized the self through observable behaviors and actions.
- Argued that understanding one's actions is key to understanding the self.
Paul Churchland
- Posited that the brain is the basis of the self, influencing emotions and behaviors.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Emphasized the interconnectedness of consciousness, the body, and the world.
- Suggested that perception and interpretation are fundamental in shaping human experience.
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