Philosophy and Human Existence

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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of the word 'philosophy' according to Al-Farabi?

From Arabic language

From Greek language borrowed by Arabic (correct)

From Latin language

From French language

What are the two elements that consist of human beings according to the text?

Mind and soul

Body and spirit (correct)

Body and soul

Spirit and mind

Who is considered the first man in the text?

Abraham

Noah

Moses

Adam (correct)

What is the meaning of 'Sophia' according to Pudjawijatna?

Wisdom Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of philosophy studies?

The three important points: The Lord/ Creator, Nature's reality, and Human nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Adam according to the text?

As a caliph on earth Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the source, essence, and truth of knowledge?

Epistemology Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Philo' according to Pudjawijatna?

Love Signup and view all the answers

According to Dr. A.C. Ewing, what is one of the philosophical questions that refers to?

Truth and Matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for understanding philosophy and science?

Understanding of human life Signup and view all the answers

What is the Greek origin of the word 'philosophy'?

Philein and Sophos Signup and view all the answers

Who is mentioned alongside Socrates and Aristotle in the text?

Al-Farabi Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of philosophy that deals with things beyond the real world?

Metaphysics Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of science according to Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud?

To achieve human's role as a god's slaves and caliphs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the philosophical method of developing one's mind?

Dialektif Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic questions that a person who thinks about their personal life and position in the world will ask?

Is God there, what are humans, and what is the essence of all reality? Signup and view all the answers

What is philosophy, according to Robert Paul Wolff?

A systematic thinking pattern to make oneself wise Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of philosophical problems?

The nature of life and its purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of epistemology in philosophy?

How do we know? Signup and view all the answers

What is Immanuel Kant's contribution to philosophy?

The study of physics and mathematics Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of philosophical anthropology?

The study of human nature and how it can be achieved Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of philosophy in understanding the divine?

To explore the nature of the divine and the universe Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of ethics in philosophy?

The study of human attitude and behavior Signup and view all the answers

Who is the author of 'Sistematik Firasat'?

Hasbullah Bakry Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of science according to Mulla Sadra?

Worldly science and science of endurance Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of empirical science?

Sensory potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of ontology in philosophy?

Existence theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the source, essence, and truth of knowledge?

Epistemology Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of knowledge according to Al-Ghazali?

Science of mahmud, science of mahkeji, and mubah Signup and view all the answers

What is revealed knowledge also known as?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ladunni knowledge?

It is given to those whose hearts are close to God Signup and view all the answers

How many areas of knowledge answer philosophical queries?

Three Signup and view all the answers

According to the Western perspective, what is the nature of knowledge?

Knowledge is solely based on human senses and reason. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of knowledge according to the Christian perspective?

The Bible Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tree of knowledge in the Christian perspective?

It is the tree that God forbade Adam to eat from. Signup and view all the answers

What is the view of knowledge in the Islamic perspective?

Knowledge is based on supernatural revelations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of knowledge according to John Hospers?

Knowledge consists of perception, introspection, memory, reason, faith, intuition, and testimonial. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Western and Islamic perspectives on knowledge?

The Western perspective is based on human senses, while the Islamic perspective is based on supernatural revelations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Adam eating the forbidden fruit in the Christian perspective?

It symbolizes the knowledge of good and evil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the Western perspective on knowledge?

It leads to a focus on human reason and senses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea of S.M.Naquib Al-Attas's definition of knowledge?

The arrival of a meaning resulting from the correct information into one's self. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of knowledge in the Islamic perspective?

Revealed knowledge from Allah to man Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of knowledge according to Ibn Sab'in's definition?

A matter of explaining the truth and providing information Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Western society's acceptance of knowledge?

Accepting knowledge based on common sense and empirical evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Islamic and Western perspectives on knowledge?

The Islamic perspective emphasizes revealed knowledge, while the Western perspective emphasizes human reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of al-Baqilani's definition of knowledge?

Knowledge is cognition of things according to their true nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Allah in the Islamic perspective on knowledge?

Allah is the Creator of the universe and the source of knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Western perspective on knowledge?

The focus is on intellectual activity and empirical evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the term 'Science' according to the text?

Arabic term Signup and view all the answers

Who said that knowledge is to get closer to Allah S.W.T?

Imam al-Ghazali Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of J.J Rousseau's view on knowledge?

Achieving perfection in various life affairs Signup and view all the answers

According to F.Frobel, what is the ultimate goal of science?

To elevate men to pure lives Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of knowledge according to Jujun S.Suriasumantri?

A collection of information that has certain characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the common thread among the definitions of knowledge provided by various scholars?

The pursuit of perfection Signup and view all the answers

Who said that 'religion without faith is blind, and religion without knowledge is paralyzed'?

Albert Einstein Signup and view all the answers

How many definitions of knowledge did Frank Rosenthal list?

15 definitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of integrating knowledge and ideas in Islam?

To enable self-development and devotion to God Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of knowledge based on its source in Islam?

Into knowledge of naqli and knowledge of aqli Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of knowledge revealed by Allah through His Prophets and messengers?

Absolutely true and not based on human experience Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Westerners to come to countries under Muslim rule?

To pursue knowledge and learn from Islamic scholars Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of knowledge according to Imam al-Ghazali?

Into four groups: theoretical and practical science, future science, religious science, and intellectual science Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest dignity of knowledge in Islam?

Knowing God with the real identity Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of human knowledge in Islam?

Relatively true and based on human experience and intuition Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of knowledge in Islam?

To enable self-development and devotion to God Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introducing Philosophy

D.C. Mulder suggests that a person who thinks about themselves and their position in the world will ask three basic questions: Is God there and who is God? What and who are humans? What is the essence of all reality, what does it mean, and what is its intent?
These questions are often answered in religion or religious beliefs, but philosophy tries to answer the subject matter.

Key Philosophical Questions

Dr. A.C. Ewing argues that philosophical questions refer to: • Truth • Matter • Mind • Relation of Matter and Mind • Space and Time • Cause • Freedom • Monism vs Pluralism • God

Focus of Philosophy Studies

The focus of philosophy studies is divided into three important points: • The Lord/ Creator • Nature's reality • Human nature

Definition of Philosophy

Philosophy comes from two Greek words, "Philo" or "Philein" (love or love) and "sophos" (wisdom or wise); or love wisdom.
Philosophy is a radical way of thinking that is thorough and explores something in depth.

Philosophical Discussion

Nature, man, and God developed into: • Logic • Metaphysics (things out of the real world) • Epistemology (natural studies, source, essence, and truth of knowledge) • Ethics

Philosophy Method

DIALEKTIF (trying to develop your mind)

Science and Knowledge

Science as a tool to achieve humans' role as a god's slaves and caliphs.
Questions about science: • What is science? • Is there something that is not science/knowledge? • What is the science of information?

Immanuel Kant

Born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in 1724
Studied at the Collegium Fredericianum and the University of Königsberg

Understanding Philosophy

A systematic thinking pattern, critical studies, descriptions, and actions aim to make oneself wise.
Philosophy is a study of how do you know?
It applies to general questions about the physical world, the mind, and scientific, religious, and ethical theories.

Definition of Philosophy

Al-Farabi: Philosophy comes from the Greek language borrowed by Arabic, Philo and Sophia. Philo means to love, and Sophia means wisdom.
Pudjawijatna: Philo brings the broadest meaning of love, one seeks to achieve what he wants because of the desire. Sophia means wisdom, that is smart or deeply understand.

Definitions of Knowledge

Knowledge is a process of knowing and a nature that allows one to know.
Knowledge is cognition (interpretation), e.g., al-Baqilani's definition: "knowledge is cognition of things according to their true nature".
Knowledge is a form (surah), e.g., Ibn Sab'in's definition: "knowledge is a matter of explaining the truth and providing information without losing anything that needs to be investigated".
Knowledge is the arrival of a meaning resulting from correct information into one's self, as defined by S.M. Naquib Al-Attas (1975).

Western Perspective of Knowledge

The Western community views knowledge as a mere intellectual activity, acquired through human reasoning and experience.
Western society accepts common sense as the sole source of knowledge, with a focus on empirical evidence and rational thinking.

Concept of Knowledge from Islamic Perspective

Knowledge is divided into three categories: Words of God (revealed knowledge), Inspiration (ladunni knowledge), and Empirical Science.
The classification of knowledge includes Ontology (existence theory), Epistemology (acquisition theory), and Axiology (value and valuation theory).

Classification of Knowledge

Imam al-Ghazali divided knowledge into four groups: theoretical and practical science, future science (huduri) and the science of procurement (husuli), religious science (shari'yyah) and intellectual science ('aqliyyah), and fardu ain and fardhu kifayah.
Mulla Sadra classified science into worldly science and science of endurance.

Scholars' Opinions on Knowledge

Plato: Knowledge is by using physical and spiritual rights from every aspect that leads to perfection.
Aristotle: Knowledge is an intellectual preparation to receive external support.
Herbert Spencer: Science is to provide humans with a perfect, strong body, perfect morals, and orderly mind.
Immanuel Kant: Science aims to convey humanity to the level of perfection as much as possible.
Albert Einstein: "Religion without faith is blind, and religion without knowledge is paralyzed."
Imam al-Ghazali: "Truly knowledge is to get closer to Allah S.W.T".

Hierarchy of Knowledge

Knowledge is revealed by Allah through His Prophets and messengers, known as naqli.
Human knowledge is relatively true and derived from the mind and senses through experience or intuition, known as aqli or kasbi science.

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Description

Explore the fundamental questions of human existence, God, and reality, and how they are addressed in religion and philosophy.