Philosophy and Enlightenment Concepts Quiz

A period of intellectual and cultural change in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and human progress.

The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experiences and observations, rather than solely from tradition or authority.

A political philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, liberty, and limited government.

A political ideology that advocates for social equality and economic justice, often through government intervention.

A political philosophy that emphasizes tradition, hierarchy, and stability.

A feeling of intense loyalty and belonging to a group of people who share a common language, culture, and history.

A form of government where supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation, usually involving periodic free and fair elections.

The process of breaking down large empires into smaller, independent states.

A theory about how society forms, where individuals agree to give up some rights in exchange for a stronger government and social order.

A radical view of Locke that people are born with a blank mind, ready to be shaped by their environment and education.

A group of thinkers who applied the principles of the scientific revolution to social issues.

A system where power is divided among branches. The executive branch (president) carries out laws, the legislative branch (Congress) makes laws, and the judicial branch (courts) interprets laws.

The ability to challenge unjust government, which Locke believed individuals had a right and responsibility to do.

The natural state of humankind is brutal and short, where individuals live in a state of constant fear and conflict.

The belief that people have inherent rights that cannot be taken away, including the right to life, liberty, and property.

A system of checks and balances, where different branches of government limit each other's power.

Focused on achieving equal rights and opportunities for women, based on principles of the Enlightenment.

A document published in 1791 by Olympe de Gouges, advocating for women's rights during the French Revolution.

A book written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, arguing that women should receive the same education as men to participate in society equally.

A group of individuals who gather to promote women's rights, including the right to vote.

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

The system of involuntary servitude where people are treated as property and forced to work without pay.

The act of buying and selling enslaved people to work on plantations and other industries.

The practice of ending slavery, typically through legal measures and social reforms.

Voltaire was a French writer and philosopher who campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform, influenced by his time in England.

The social contract theory, developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, posits that individuals voluntarily surrender certain rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a society.

Rousseau's concept of 'General Will' refers to the collective will of a population, which the sovereign is obligated to carry out.

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who advocated for freer trade, reducing government intervention in economic decisions.

Smith's concept of the 'invisible hand' suggests that individuals pursuing their own self-interest in a free market will ultimately benefit society.

Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning 'leave alone,' and it reflects the belief that government should minimize its role in the economy.

Deism is the belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its affairs.

Mercantilism is an economic system emphasizing government control of trade and accumulation of wealth through colonies.

A movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing an independent Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine, where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

A violent attack against a Jewish community.

A prominent figure in the Zionist movement, he advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

A controversial case in France in 1894 where a Jewish military officer was wrongly convicted of treason based on forged documents created by anti-Semites. The Dreyfus Affair exposed the extent of anti-Semitism in France and significantly fueled the Zionist movement.

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

A movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing an independent Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine, where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

A movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing an independent Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine, where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

A movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing an independent Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine, where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

A philosophical and religious movement that emphasized reason and natural law over religious dogma. Deists believed in a God who created the universe but did not intervene in human affairs.

An intellectual movement that emphasized human reason, science, and progress. Enlightenment thinkers believed in natural rights, individual liberty, and a government based on the consent of the governed.

An approach to knowledge that emphasizes the importance of empirical data and observation. Scientific thinkers believed that reason and evidence should guide understanding of the natural world.

The belief that humans are capable of achieving perfection or significant moral improvement through reason and education.

The process of urbanization and industrialization had a profound impact on European society during the Enlightenment. The growth of cities created new social and economic challenges, such as poverty, inequality, and crime. These challenges led to calls for reform and social change.

Poverty in the cities was a major social problem during the Enlightenment. As cities grew, the influx of poor workers led to overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and a lack of basic necessities. Enlightenment thinkers debated solutions to this problem, with some advocating for government assistance and others advocating for individual responsibility.