Philosophies of Education: Naturalism vs. Idealism
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the Father of Naturalism in education?

  • Jacques Rousseau (correct)
  • Michel De Montaigne
  • John Locke
  • Plato

    • Which philosophy of education asserts that existence precedes essence?

  • Essentialism
  • Existentialism (correct)
  • Realism
  • Idealism

    • According to Realism, what is the nature of reality?

  • Reality depends on human perception.
  • It is a mere representation of ideas.
  • Reality is independent of the human mind. (correct)
  • Reality is subjective to individual beliefs.

    • Who is known as the Father of Idealism in education?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophy focuses on the natural goodness of man and the truth found in nature?

    <p>Naturalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Essentialism, what precedes existence?

    <p>Essence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of values are 'Spiritual values' according to Max Scheler's Hierarchy of Values?

    <p>Values of the holy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to 'Values Clarification,' how should individual beliefs be chosen?

    <p>Chosen among alternatives after due reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Teaching as a Vocation' emphasize?

    <p>Responding positively to a call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of teaching, what does 'Mission' refer to?

    <p>Being sent with a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in 'Teaching as a Profession'?

    <p>Long preparation and striving for excellence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 21st-century teacher according to the text?

    <p>Student-centered teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of global education?

    <p>To become aware of educational conditions worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a global Filipino teacher?

    <p>Respect and tolerance for cultural diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the EFA 2015 goals related to education?

    <p>Expanded early childhood care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key competencies should a global teacher possess?

    <p>Multilingual communication skills and digital facilitation abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge presented by multicultural diversity to global teachers?

    <p>Valuing differences in prior knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization is associated with global education and the promotion of international curriculum?

    <p>UNESCO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical view asserts that reality does not exist outside of human conception?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Reconstructivism educational philosophy described in the text?

    <p>To awaken the consciousness of individuals about social issues and achieve social change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical view holds that the ideas of the past are still taught because they are significant, and that human beings possess the same essential nature?

    <p>Perennialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which educational philosophy is described as 'contrasted traditional view of essentialism and perennialism' and views 'man is social animal who learns active interplay with others'?

    <p>Progressivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which educational philosophy is centered on 'self-expression' and 'stresses on individual freedom'?

    <p>Humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to differences among students?

    <p>Physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the guiding principles in multicultural education mentioned in the text?

    <p>Schools should provide opportunities for students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds to interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption that enhances teacher development?

    <p>All students have identical learning styles and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should teachers do to accommodate cultural differences and commonalities?

    <p>Learn about and become sensitive and aware of racial, ethnic, and linguistic differences among students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a way for schools to support multicultural education?

    <p>Offering classes that teach students about different cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role can members of ethnic groups play in assisting teachers?

    <p>They can help teachers understand and navigate cultural differences among students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophies of Education

    • Naturalism: denies supernatural significance, believes in natural goodness of man, and finds truth in nature; proponents include Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Michel De Montaigne
    • Idealism: believes ideas are the only true reality, knowledge is obtained through speculation and conscious reasoning, and intuition and logic are used to attain truth; father of idealism is Plato, and advocates include Socrates
    • Realism: believes in the objective existence of the world and beings in it, and that reality is independent of the human mind; father of realism is Aristotle
    • Existentialism: believes existence precedes essence, man conceives and makes of himself, and proclaims man's freedom in the accomplishment of his destiny; father of existentialism is Soren Kierkegaard
    • Essentialism: believes essence precedes existence, and is a traditional/basic approach in education; father of essentialism is William C. Max
    • Values Clarification: clarifies what we value, and values are freely chosen, prized, and cherished, and are publicly affirmed and acted upon repeatedly in one's life
    • Scheler's Hierarchy of Values: includes pleasure values, vital values, spiritual values, and values of the holy

    Teaching: Vocation, Mission, Profession

    • Teaching as a Vocation: a call to teach, response positively to God's call
    • Teaching as a Mission: a task assigned, teacher must accomplish the mission to teach
    • Teaching as a Profession: denotes long preparation, strive for excellence, and contribute to the betterment of the world

    The 21st-Century Teacher

    • Focus on student-centered education
    • 21st-Century Skills: • Communication skills • Interactive communication • Global orientation

    Global Education and Global Teacher

    • Global Education: goal to become aware of educational conditions, UNESCO, and international curriculum
    • UN Global Education Goals (EFA 2015 Goals): • Expanded early childhood care • Provide free and compulsory primary education for all • Promote learning and life skills for young and adult • Increase adult literacy by 50% • Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender equality by 2015 • Improve quality of education
    • 21st-Century Learning Goals: • 21st-century content • Learning and thinking skills • ICT literacy • Life skills • 21st-century assessment
    • Global Teacher: competent teacher armed with enough skills, thinks and acts globally, and is creative and innovative

    Multicultural Diversity: A Challenge to Global Teachers

    • Multicultural Education: educators value differences in prior knowledge, Haertel 1998, and transform schools to equal opportunities
    • Focus on the 3Rs (Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic)

    Philosophies of Education (continued)

    • Pragmatism: what is experienced/observed is true, what is useful is true, functionality, and practicality
    • Perennialism: eternal, ageless, everlasting, unchanging, truth is universal, and human beings possess the same essential nature
    • Humanism: rooted in economic and political changes, centered on "self-expression", three main lines of growth (intellectual, aesthetics, scientific), making the most out of life, and social reforms and improvement of social relationships
    • Progressivism: contrasted traditional view of essentialism and perennialism, change and growth, man is a social animal who learns through active interplay with others
    • Nationalism: center of ideology is national sovereignty, preservation, and glorification of the state, loyalty, patriotism, and national feeling
    • Constructivism: reality does not exist outside of human conception, constructs reality by reflecting on his own experience, goal is to develop intrinsically motivated and independent learners
    • Reconstructivism: aims to awaken the consciousness of an individual about social issues, goal is to achieve social change, schools should originate policies that bring social reforms
    • Behaviorism: asserts human beings are shaped by external environment, man is neither good nor bad, schools concerned with shaping students - providing a favorable environment
    • Students may differ in: race, ethnicity, language, economic status, family backgrounds
    • Accommodating Cultural Differences and Commonalities: learn about cultural differences, avoid stereotyping, get to know each student
    • Guiding Principles in Multicultural Education: • Service teacher helps understand the complexity of ethnic groups • Teacher ensures students have equitable opportunities • Teacher helps student acquire social skills • School curriculum helps students understand socially constructed differences • Schools support students in extra-curricular activities • Teachers/students learn to reduce stereotyping • Schools provide opportunities for different racial groups • Teachers teach values by all cultural groups
    • Basic Assumptions that Enhance Teacher Development: • No two learners are alike • Children are diverse • Work with one may not work with another • Students' backgrounds should be considered • Members of ethnic groups can assist teachers when facing ethnic differences

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    Test your knowledge on the philosophies of education with a focus on Naturalism and Idealism. Learn about key principles, proponents like Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, and differences between the two approaches.

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