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Questions and Answers
Explain the main idea of communitarianism as described in the text.
Explain the main idea of communitarianism as described in the text.
Communitarianism holds that human identities are shaped by constitutive communities and that this idea should inform our understanding of human nature, moral/political institutions, and policies that guide them. It emphasizes the importance of nourishing communities and argues for the centrality of community in human affairs.
What is the main criticism of communitarians against Rawls's view?
What is the main criticism of communitarians against Rawls's view?
Communitarians such as Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, and Michael Walzer dispute Rawls's view by drawing on Aristotle and Hegel. They argue for the centrality of community, seek to go beyond mechanical individuated regulation of human affairs, and oppose the disinterested account of human nature.
What do communitarians advocate for in terms of social and political interests?
What do communitarians advocate for in terms of social and political interests?
Communitarians have a collectivist understanding of social and political interests and argue for the centrality of community in shaping human identities and guiding moral/political institutions.
How do communitarians view the standards of justice in different societies?
How do communitarians view the standards of justice in different societies?
What is Walzer's argument regarding the universality of a set of standards?
What is Walzer's argument regarding the universality of a set of standards?
How does Rawls attempt to address the criticism from communitarians?
How does Rawls attempt to address the criticism from communitarians?
Who are some of the communitarians mentioned in the text?
Who are some of the communitarians mentioned in the text?
What is the main distinction between communitarians and liberals in their views on human nature and political institutions?
What is the main distinction between communitarians and liberals in their views on human nature and political institutions?
In what decade were examples of communities cited by communitarians, such as MacIntyre’s Aristotelian society and Walzer’s reference to the caste system, not successful in applying to modern complex societies?
In what decade were examples of communities cited by communitarians, such as MacIntyre’s Aristotelian society and Walzer’s reference to the caste system, not successful in applying to modern complex societies?
What led to brief euphoria over the possibility of liberal democracy in the 1990s?
What led to brief euphoria over the possibility of liberal democracy in the 1990s?
Why could liberal democracy not apply to the developing world according to the text?
Why could liberal democracy not apply to the developing world according to the text?
What challenge did East Asia provide to liberal democracy?
What challenge did East Asia provide to liberal democracy?
Have Asian values been a challenge to liberal democracy?
Have Asian values been a challenge to liberal democracy?
What have East Asian scholars sought to do in debates on human rights?
What have East Asian scholars sought to do in debates on human rights?
What does Taylor propose in the context of cross-cultural dialogue?
What does Taylor propose in the context of cross-cultural dialogue?
What does the debate over the self involve according to the text?
What does the debate over the self involve according to the text?
How does liberal theory represent liberal practice according to the text?
How does liberal theory represent liberal practice according to the text?
What is the communitarian correction according to the text?
What is the communitarian correction according to the text?
What does African communitarianism challenge?
What does African communitarianism challenge?
How are the identity of individual and reality of community described in the text?
How are the identity of individual and reality of community described in the text?
What classic examples does the text mention in relation to the conflicted ways modern philosophy promoted its own universal and cross-cultural aspirations?
What classic examples does the text mention in relation to the conflicted ways modern philosophy promoted its own universal and cross-cultural aspirations?
According to Eze, what is the wrong way to protect philosophy? Why?
According to Eze, what is the wrong way to protect philosophy? Why?
What conclusion did W.E.B. Du Bois come to regarding the scientific significance of race differences?
What conclusion did W.E.B. Du Bois come to regarding the scientific significance of race differences?
According to Appiah, is racism advanced by the denial of the existence of race?
According to Appiah, is racism advanced by the denial of the existence of race?
What are the three types of the Doctrine of Racism mentioned in the text?
What are the three types of the Doctrine of Racism mentioned in the text?
What does Racialism belief involve?
What does Racialism belief involve?
What is the false doctrine according to the text?
What is the false doctrine according to the text?
What does Extrinsic Racism make moral distinctions based on?
What does Extrinsic Racism make moral distinctions based on?
What does Intrinsic Racism believe about the moral status of each race?
What does Intrinsic Racism believe about the moral status of each race?
According to Barker, what does Appiah's position fail to take seriously?
According to Barker, what does Appiah's position fail to take seriously?
What does Barker believe about the gradient of what is at stake in relation to racism?
What does Barker believe about the gradient of what is at stake in relation to racism?
What is Appiah's stance on the existence of race and its relation to racism?
What is Appiah's stance on the existence of race and its relation to racism?
What is Ubuntu?
What is Ubuntu?
What does African communitarianism prioritize?
What does African communitarianism prioritize?
What is central to the concept of Ubuntu in politics?
What is central to the concept of Ubuntu in politics?
Which African thinkers stress the worth of each individual within the consensus?
Which African thinkers stress the worth of each individual within the consensus?
What process is relied upon due to the absence of a clear African definition of consensus?
What process is relied upon due to the absence of a clear African definition of consensus?
Whose interpretation of consensus leads to the suppression of freewill?
Whose interpretation of consensus leads to the suppression of freewill?
What does WVO Quine's principle of charity in interpretation highlight?
What does WVO Quine's principle of charity in interpretation highlight?
How is Ubuntu seen in contrast to individual objectification?
How is Ubuntu seen in contrast to individual objectification?
What do Appiah and Masolo reject the existence of to eliminate discrimination?
What do Appiah and Masolo reject the existence of to eliminate discrimination?
What challenges the theoretical postulations of Appiah and Masolo?
What challenges the theoretical postulations of Appiah and Masolo?
What may have influenced Appiah's skepticism of race?
What may have influenced Appiah's skepticism of race?
What has had a lasting influence in Western philosophy according to the text?
What has had a lasting influence in Western philosophy according to the text?
The reflective foundation of every proposition concerning man, according to Paul Ricoeur, is expressed as?
The reflective foundation of every proposition concerning man, according to Paul Ricoeur, is expressed as?
What did Immanuel Kant seek to reformulate with his diverse Logic?
What did Immanuel Kant seek to reformulate with his diverse Logic?
What are the four classifications of problems of philosophy according to Kant?
What are the four classifications of problems of philosophy according to Kant?
According to Kant, what is man's end?
According to Kant, what is man's end?
What is the aim of anthropology, according to the text?
What is the aim of anthropology, according to the text?
What does Kant's 'I' involve, as per the text?
What does Kant's 'I' involve, as per the text?
According to Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, what does it comprehend?
According to Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, what does it comprehend?
Which historical periods were crucial in defining the essential qualities of human beings?
Which historical periods were crucial in defining the essential qualities of human beings?
What was the challenge during the renaissance and enlightenment periods?
What was the challenge during the renaissance and enlightenment periods?
What did the distinction shift from and to, as mentioned in the text?
What did the distinction shift from and to, as mentioned in the text?
What did Descartes' philosophy provide doubt about, as per the text?
What did Descartes' philosophy provide doubt about, as per the text?
What led to the question of how modern philosophy used race and to what ends?
What led to the question of how modern philosophy used race and to what ends?
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Study Notes
The Significance of Man in Modern Philosophy
- Paul Ricoeur considers "I think, I am" as the reflective foundation of every proposition concerning man.
- Immanuel Kant's diverse Logic seeks to reformulate Descartes' thesis but cannot depart from it.
- Kant classifies problems of philosophy into metaphysics, morality, religion, and anthropology.
- Kant holds that man's end is to understand himself as a being endowed with reason.
- Anthropology aims to explain the nature of man and is in continuity with Critique of Pure Reason.
- Kant's "I" involves bringing into unity the various representations which at the same time is the unity of consciousness.
- Hume's Treatise of Human Nature comprehends all sciences in the science of human nature and is dependent on it.
- The renaissance and enlightenment periods were crucial in defining the essential qualities of human beings.
- The challenge was to understand the varieties of races and establish essential human qualities.
- The distinction shifted from barbarian-Latin and Christian-gentile to Civilized-Savage; Historical-Primitive and Progressive-Archaic.
- Descartes' philosophy provided doubt about the reality of the world and human life, sparking philosophical encounters with foreigners.
- The lack of distinction between anthropology and philosophy led to the question of how modern philosophy used race and to what ends.
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