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Questions and Answers
Plato believed that human beings are composed of a body and a ______.
Plato believed that human beings are composed of a body and a ______.
soul
Descartes is known for the phrase, 'I think; therefore, I ______.'
Descartes is known for the phrase, 'I think; therefore, I ______.'
am
According to Plato, the body is seen as some ______.
According to Plato, the body is seen as some ______.
prison
The tangible objects in our world are mere copies of abstract universal ______.
The tangible objects in our world are mere copies of abstract universal ______.
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Philosophers used ______ and rational lenses in explaining the self.
Philosophers used ______ and rational lenses in explaining the self.
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Descartes' methodic doubt involves questioning the certainty of things perceived through the ______.
Descartes' methodic doubt involves questioning the certainty of things perceived through the ______.
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Socrates is known as the market philosopher because of his penchant for engaging youths in ______ in public markets.
Socrates is known as the market philosopher because of his penchant for engaging youths in ______ in public markets.
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Human beings have the hubris to ponder the existence and ______ of life.
Human beings have the hubris to ponder the existence and ______ of life.
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Socrates directed philosophy's attention from the universe to examining our ______ in the universe.
Socrates directed philosophy's attention from the universe to examining our ______ in the universe.
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For Descartes, the self is a mind-body ______.
For Descartes, the self is a mind-body ______.
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Plato's idea of contemplation entails the communion of the mind with universal and ______ ideas.
Plato's idea of contemplation entails the communion of the mind with universal and ______ ideas.
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According to Socrates, if a person knows who they are, all fundamental issues and difficulties in life will ______.
According to Socrates, if a person knows who they are, all fundamental issues and difficulties in life will ______.
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Socrates said, 'An unexamined life is not worth ______.'
Socrates said, 'An unexamined life is not worth ______.'
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Different philosophers introduced specific characteristics and meanings of the ______.
Different philosophers introduced specific characteristics and meanings of the ______.
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Philosophical views of the self are a helpful guide to having a better ______.
Philosophical views of the self are a helpful guide to having a better ______.
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Socrates is recognized as a ______.
Socrates is recognized as a ______.
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Gilbert Ryle's theory is called logical ______ or analytical behaviorism.
Gilbert Ryle's theory is called logical ______ or analytical behaviorism.
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For Ryle, properties like kindness are better understood as ______ modifying a body than as nouns.
For Ryle, properties like kindness are better understood as ______ modifying a body than as nouns.
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The only proof of the mind's operation is evident in activities like singing, ______, walking, and the like.
The only proof of the mind's operation is evident in activities like singing, ______, walking, and the like.
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Knowing and believing are just ______ but these influence people’s actions.
Knowing and believing are just ______ but these influence people’s actions.
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For Descartes, the mind is a non-physical ______ within the body.
For Descartes, the mind is a non-physical ______ within the body.
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American neuroscientists Paul and Patricia Churchland introduced ______ materialism.
American neuroscientists Paul and Patricia Churchland introduced ______ materialism.
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It is false to claim that folk psychology is the capacity to explain people's mental ______.
It is false to claim that folk psychology is the capacity to explain people's mental ______.
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The self is the way people ______.
The self is the way people ______.
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Most people think we have a stream of consciousness that contains images and conceptions of things about which we have beliefs and ______.
Most people think we have a stream of consciousness that contains images and conceptions of things about which we have beliefs and ______.
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Our thoughts and attitudes are supported by our feelings, which include mental states like joy and sorrow or anxiety and ______.
Our thoughts and attitudes are supported by our feelings, which include mental states like joy and sorrow or anxiety and ______.
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With the advent of science, it becomes clear to Churchland that the term 'mind', our moods, emotions, actions, and consciousness, are deeply affected by the state of our ______.
With the advent of science, it becomes clear to Churchland that the term 'mind', our moods, emotions, actions, and consciousness, are deeply affected by the state of our ______.
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Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into two types: the subjective body and the ______ body.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into two types: the subjective body and the ______ body.
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The self, according to Merleau-Ponty, is regarded as embodied ______.
The self, according to Merleau-Ponty, is regarded as embodied ______.
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For Merleau-Ponty, to be a self is to be more than one’s body. It includes everything I will do with my body and how I will act on it, and how I will make it work with other human ______.
For Merleau-Ponty, to be a self is to be more than one’s body. It includes everything I will do with my body and how I will act on it, and how I will make it work with other human ______.
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I am the sum of all that I make my body do, which includes the interpretation of the past and how I make ______ in the present.
I am the sum of all that I make my body do, which includes the interpretation of the past and how I make ______ in the present.
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The body is the general medium for having a world; we know through intellect and ______.
The body is the general medium for having a world; we know through intellect and ______.
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The self is a product of our conscious human ______.
The self is a product of our conscious human ______.
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Merleau-Ponty emphasized the correlation between mind and ______.
Merleau-Ponty emphasized the correlation between mind and ______.
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The definition of self involves the interpretation of one's ______.
The definition of self involves the interpretation of one's ______.
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For Merleau-Ponty, consciousness is both perceiving and ______.
For Merleau-Ponty, consciousness is both perceiving and ______.
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According to Merleau-Ponty, I am my ______.
According to Merleau-Ponty, I am my ______.
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The approach to self that includes continuous flow of movement from infancy to ______ is significant.
The approach to self that includes continuous flow of movement from infancy to ______ is significant.
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Socrates directed philosophy's attention towards examining our ______ in the universe.
Socrates directed philosophy's attention towards examining our ______ in the universe.
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Our perception of who we are is strictly tied to our bodily ______.
Our perception of who we are is strictly tied to our bodily ______.
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Study Notes
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
- The self is viewed as a unified being connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.
- Philosophical theories about the self range from ancient to modern perspectives, addressing personal identity and existence.
Socratic Philosophy
- Socrates emphasized self-examination with the dictum “Know thyself.”
- He believed understanding oneself leads to clarity and resolution of life’s issues.
- Advocated that an examined life holds intrinsic value and importance.
Platonic Philosophy
- Plato described the body as a prison for the soul, which represents the true self.
- He argued for the separation of mind and body and that contemplation allows escape from physical limitations.
Cartesian Philosophy
- René Descartes, known as the Father of Modern Philosophy, introduced "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am).
- Highlighted the dualism of mind and body, where thought precedes action.
- Asserted that questioning existence solidifies self-awareness; the mind is distinct yet intimately connected to the body.
Behaviorism by Gilbert Ryle
- Ryle posited “I act; therefore I am,” interpreting the self through behavior rather than mental substances.
- Suggested that kindness and other traits are observable aspects of behavior rather than separate mental entities.
Eliminative Materialism
- Paul and Patricia Churchland proposed that traditional notions of the mind are fundamentally flawed, advocating for a neuroscience framework.
- They claimed the self is deeply intertwined with brain function, rejecting folk psychology as a valid explanation of mental states.
Phenomenology of the Body
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty argued that self-understanding is rooted in embodied experience, blurring the distinction between subjective and objective perspectives of the body.
- He asserted the self evolves through continuous interaction with the world, encompassing both historical and present experiences.
Comparison of Perspectives
- Different philosophers provide contrasting views on the nature of the self, from dualist theories (Socrates, Plato, Descartes) to behaviorist and neuroscientific approaches (Ryle, Churchland).
- Philosophical exploration of the self has transitioned from abstract theorization to frameworks supported by scientific evidence.
Application and Reflection
- Understanding multiple philosophical theories can enhance personal insights into identity and existence.
- The study of the self remains relevant across age groups, promoting introspection and critical thinking regarding personal beliefs and experiences.
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Description
Explore the various philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self, including the insights of Socrates, Plato, and Descartes. This quiz delves into ideas of personal identity, consciousness, and the mind-body connection. Test your knowledge of these influential theories.
