Philosophers Descartes and Locke

Descartes is considered the Father of Modern Philosophy due to his break from traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy and his emphasis on reason as a means of acquiring knowledge.

'Cogito, ergo sum' translates to 'I think, therefore I am,' highlighting that the act of thinking is proof of one's existence.

Locke believed that individuals are born knowing nothing, and knowledge is gained through experiences, in contrast to Descartes' idea of innate knowledge through reason.

<p>Hume's Bundle Theory posits that the self is not a continuous entity but rather a collection of perceptions and experiences, with no underlying unchanging essence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major work by John Locke is 'The Two Treatises of Government,' which significantly influenced the development of democratic governance and the idea of individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke posited that knowledge is acquired through sensory experiences and reflections upon them, emphasizing empirical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' emphasis on reason over reliance on tradition encouraged innovative thought, leading to new ideas that shaped modern economic systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's ideas about governance challenged absolute power and advocated for rights and representation, influencing revolutions and modern political frameworks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'ID' represents the most primitive part of the psyche that operates in the unconscious and seeks immediate gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ryle critiques Cartesian Dualism by stating that the mind is not a separate entity or 'ghost in the machine'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Category Mistake' involves the error of treating the mind as a separate entity, which Ryle believes leads to misunderstanding its role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We come to understand ourselves through our behavior and experiences, similar to how we understand others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavior of the 'ID' is driven by the pleasure principle, which seeks immediate gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ryle published several works including 'The Concept of Mind' (1949) and 'Dilemmas' (1954).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud's concept involves a structural model of the psyche with distinct parts, while Ryle rejects the notion of a separate mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud is considered the father of Psychoanalysis due to his development of theories concerning the unconscious mind and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminative Materialism argues that beliefs, desires, and subjective pain do not exist based on the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquinas believes that self-knowledge is shaped by interactions with the external world rather than constant self-awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hylomorphism suggests that humans are composed of two parts: matter, which is the common substance, and form, which defines the essence and characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Merleau-Ponty posits that the body is our general medium for having a world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquinas synthesizes Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology by forming the foundation of Thomism, integrating moral philosophy and metaphysics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquinas means that self-awareness and understanding arise from engaging in the world rather than from introspection alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>St. Thomas Aquinas primarily contributed to philosophy during the 13th Century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquinas' quote implies that faith provides certainty without the need for explanation, while those without faith find it impossible to understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes proposes dualism, arguing that the mind and body are distinct yet can interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Cogito, ergo sum' translates to 'I think, therefore I am,' establishing the act of cognition as proof of existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major work is 'Meditations on First Philosophy,' which discusses the existence of God and the nature of the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes focuses on the interiority of the self, emphasizing memory, reason, and virtue over external reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 'Discourse on the Method,' Descartes introduces a systematic approach to reasoning and critical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three dimensions are vita seminalis, vita sensualis, and vita intellectualis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are two thinkers influenced by Descartes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes laid the foundation for modern epistemology through his exploration of knowledge and certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believes the human mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke categorized perceptions into impressions (immediate sensory experiences) and ideas (fainter copies of impressions).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke asserts that personal identity is based on psychological continuity, which relies on consciousness and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume argued that we do not have direct evidence of a permanent self, as the self is a construct of experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory is crucial in providing a sense of personal identity, as it links past experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume suggested that while reasoning about life occurs, the actual experience of life is fleeting and ephemeral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant claimed that we can only know ourselves as we appear to others, not as we truly are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory experiences are fundamental because they form the basis of all knowledge and ideas in Locke's framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers