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Questions and Answers
What is the process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another?
What is formed from melted rocks due to high pressure and temperature?
What is the term for a wet cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water?
What is the term for volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter?
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What is the term for a dense, slower-moving volcanic material that stays close to the ground?
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What is the term for large blocks or bombs ejected during eruptions?
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Which of the following volcanic gases is harmless and most abundant?
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What is the term for the area in the Pacific Ocean basin where many volcanoes and earthquakes occur?
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What is the term for a more diluted, faster-moving volcanic material, posing a greater risk to communities?
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What is the term for the pungent, irritating gas that can form smog?
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Study Notes
Geographical Context of the Philippines
- The Philippines is surrounded by abundant tectonic plates, leading to numerous faults and volcanoes.
Subduction Zone
- A subduction zone occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another.
- This process generates pressure, causing earthquakes and magma formation.
Magma
- Magma is formed from melted rocks due to high pressure and temperature.
- It rises to the surface, forming volcanoes.
Pacific Ring of Fire
- The Pacific Ring of Fire is a major area in the Pacific Ocean basin where many volcanoes and earthquakes occur.
Volcano Hazards
Lahar
- Lahar is an Indonesian term for "lava" or "lava flow".
- It is a wet, cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water.
- Lahars are highly mobile and dangerous, capable of submerging houses and transporting large boulders.
- They are often formed from intense rainfall or water channels during eruptions.
Ashfall (Tephra)
- Ashfall consists of volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter.
- Health hazards include respiratory diseases and skin damage.
- Ashfall can contaminate water sources and damage infrastructure.
Pyroclastic Flows
- Pyroclastic flows are dense, slower-moving volcanic material that stays close to the ground.
- Pyroclastic surges are more diluted, faster-moving volcanic material, posing a greater risk to communities.
- They are composed of volcanic particles, hot gases, and ashes.
- They cause destruction, fires, and can incinerate people and animals.
Ballistic Projectiles
- Ballistic projectiles are large blocks or bombs ejected during eruptions.
- They travel like cannonballs, landing 2-5 km away from the vent.
- They can cause craters, fires, and explosions upon impact.
Volcanic Gases
- Volcanic gases are released before and after eruptions, harming health and the environment.
Water Vapor
- Water vapor is harmless and the most abundant volcanic gas.
Harmful Gases
- Carbon dioxide is colorless, odorless, and can cause health issues and death in high concentrations.
- Sulfur dioxide has a pungent odor, irritates the respiratory system, and can form smog.
- Hydrogen sulfide has a strong odor of rotten eggs, is toxic, and can cause unconsciousness and death in high concentrations.
- Hydrogen halides are toxic acids (HF, HCl, HBr) that form acid rain, harming water sources and vegetation.
Lava Flow
- Lava flow is a river of molten rock flowing from an eruption vent.
- Low silica magma has low viscosity, moving quickly.
- High silica magma has high viscosity, moving slowly.
- Lava flow causes forest fires and destroys vegetation, houses, and infrastructure.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Philippines' geography, including the formation of faults and volcanoes due to tectonic plates, and the hazards associated with volcanic activity.
