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Questions and Answers
What penalty could a chief face if their town failed to meet the demands of the encomenderos?
What penalty could a chief face if their town failed to meet the demands of the encomenderos?
What does the Royal Decree issued on May 26, 1609, state about the recruitment of native workers?
What does the Royal Decree issued on May 26, 1609, state about the recruitment of native workers?
Which of the following was NOT cited as a reason for early Filipino revolts?
Which of the following was NOT cited as a reason for early Filipino revolts?
What requirement was emphasized regarding native workers under the Repartimiento system?
What requirement was emphasized regarding native workers under the Repartimiento system?
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Which consequence would happen if insufficient Chinese and Japanese workers were available for public projects?
Which consequence would happen if insufficient Chinese and Japanese workers were available for public projects?
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What was the primary purpose of the resettlement plans presented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?
What was the primary purpose of the resettlement plans presented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?
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What title was given to Manila on June 21, 1574?
What title was given to Manila on June 21, 1574?
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Who had the right to collect taxes within the encomienda system?
Who had the right to collect taxes within the encomienda system?
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What was the nature of labor service known as polo y servicios during the colonial period?
What was the nature of labor service known as polo y servicios during the colonial period?
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What did the Filipinos who resisted resettlement plans get labeled as?
What did the Filipinos who resisted resettlement plans get labeled as?
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What was one of the major abuses reported by Domingo Salazar regarding the treatment of natives?
What was one of the major abuses reported by Domingo Salazar regarding the treatment of natives?
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What eventually replaced the encomienda system?
What eventually replaced the encomienda system?
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What was the annual tribute seen as a form of?
What was the annual tribute seen as a form of?
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Study Notes
Establishment of a Colony
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived, marking the inception of a Spanish colony in the Philippines.
- Title of adelantado granted to Legazpi, indicating his role as an advanced officer.
- Manila was officially conquered after negotiations on May 18, 1571, and granted the title La insigne y siempre leal ciudad on June 21, 1574.
- Unification of the Philippine islands was one of the primary goals of the colonization.
Resettlement Plans
- Fr. Juan de Plasencia proposed a resettlement plan to the Synod of Manila to 'tame' and Christianize Filipino natives.
- Towns were organized using a plaza complex model.
- The encomienda system was established in 1565, entrusting encomenderos with control over specific areas and their inhabitants.
- Encomienda was later abolished and replaced by alcadia, akin to a modern province, managed by an alcadia mayor.
- Smaller towns were overseen by a gobernadorcillo, a local leader.
Labor Services and Tribute
- Annual tribute payments were seen as a sign of loyalty to the Spanish Crown.
- By the 19th century, tribute was replaced by the cedula personal.
- Polo y servicios required Filipino or Chinese mestizo laborers aged 16-60 to work for 40 days on construction projects, later reduced to 15 days in 1885.
Abuses Committed by the Spaniards
- Rising prices of essential commodities resulted in widespread hardship for natives.
- Many natives died from overwork, with insufficient pay for labor rendered.
- Abuses included forced labor, abandonment of pregnant wives, beatings for resistance, and harsh treatment of workers, including flogging and chaining.
- Natives were compelled to pay tribute immediately after subjugation, often involving gold and cloth.
- Chiefs faced severe punishments for town failures, including crucifixion and having family members seized.
Decree Regulating the Services of Filipinos
- Royal Decree from King Philip II on May 26, 1609, instituted Repartimiento to regulate labor recruitment for public projects.
- Natives could be recruited voluntarily; force could only be applied in the absence of volunteers.
- Guidelines established to minimize disruption during harvest and ensure appropriate working conditions.
- Importance of improving the quality of caracoas emphasized, as poor construction led to native deaths at sea.
Early Filipino Revolts
- Main causes of revolts included imposition of Catholicism, forced labor practices (polo y servicios), and land confiscation by friars.
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Description
Explore the establishment of the first Spanish colony in the Philippines, focusing on the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the subsequent plans for resettlement. This quiz covers critical events, the encomienda system, and the organization of towns during the early colonial period.
