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Questions and Answers
Which element is specifically mentioned as necessary for vitamin B12 synthesis in pigs?
What are the classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?
Why are antimicrobial agents added to swine diets?
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by pigs and is not a dietary requirement?
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What type of feed is most appropriate for swine, considering their digestion system?
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What is a primary goal of the Philippine Swine Industry as outlined in the SWOT analysis?
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Which breeding system involves mating pigs of different genetic backgrounds?
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What is a recommended management practice for a pregnant sow?
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Which nutrient classification is essential for maintaining pig health, especially during growth periods?
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What is the gestation period for pigs typically recognized in swine management?
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Which of the following is NOT a common breed of swine in the Philippines?
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Which waste management practice is highlighted as a method to reduce swine waste disposal issues?
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What is a key benefit of artificial insemination (AI) in swine breeding?
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What is the primary purpose of proper nutrition in a piggery operation?
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Which physiological state indicates that an animal is not gaining or losing weight?
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What nutrient type is primarily involved in tissue building and repair?
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Which phase demands additional nutrients for fetal development?
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How are physiological nutrient requirements structured?
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What is considered an energy nutrient?
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Why is water included in nutrient classifications?
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological state requiring additional nutrients?
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What is a key benefit of ensuring proper nutrition during lactation?
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Which nutrient classification is essential for maintenance and repair of the body?
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What was the percentage of imported pork in the total pork supply in 1993?
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What is primarily responsible for the increasing demand for pork in the Philippines?
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What was the average annual growth rate of live hog production from 1993 to 2002?
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Which economic agreements imply that the Philippines must open its market to imported products?
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Why is the Philippine pork industry not competitive as an exporter compared to its ASEAN counterparts?
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What aspect of pork supply is primarily used for processed meat products?
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What was the volume of live hogs produced in the Philippines in 2002?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the high production cost of pork in the Philippines?
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As of 2002, what percentage of total pork supply did imported pork account for?
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How were local swine raisers affected by the opening of the market to imports?
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What is a primary behavior of a sow in heat?
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What condition is typically observed in sows that are not in heat?
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Which method is NOT used for pregnancy diagnosis in sows?
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How long does a typical heat duration last in sows that are not in heat?
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What is a benefit of detecting early pregnancy in sows?
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During natural mating, what is the usual practice after mating?
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What is typically observed in a sow when it is in full heat?
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What is NOT an advantage of early pregnancy detection in pigs?
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What type of mucus is typically observed in a sow that is in heat?
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What indicates that a sow is not in heat compared to a sow in heat?
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What is the main advantage of using artificial insemination (AI) in swine breeding?
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Which aspect is critical for the success of artificial insemination?
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What limitation is associated with artificial insemination?
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What is a characteristic of the training of boars for artificial insemination?
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What is a primary benefit of hand mating in livestock management?
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What is the main objective of the customer satisfaction feedback form provided by PCAARRD?
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Which aspect of the service does NOT have a rating option in the provided feedback form?
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Which of these customer types is specifically aimed to provide feedback in PCAARRD's form?
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What does PCAARRD primarily request from customers for service improvement?
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Which publication title is being evaluated for customer satisfaction in the feedback form?
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What is one of the markers used by PCAARRD to measure customer satisfaction in their services?
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Which of the following customer types is NOT mentioned in the feedback form?
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When was the current revision of the customer satisfaction feedback form effective?
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What aspect does the feedback form NOT require from the customer?
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What is one of the main roles of PCAARRD in the agricultural sector?
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Which entity does PCAARRD collaborate with to support research and development initiatives?
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What certification does PCAARRD hold for its quality management system?
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What is one of the commitments of PCAARRD regarding the agricultural and natural resources sectors?
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Which body resulted from the consolidation of PCARRD and PCAMRD?
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In what year was PCAARRD established?
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How does PCAARRD aim to support its research and development programs?
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What culture does PCAARRD aim to reinforce in its operations?
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Which method is used to determine sexual receptivity in sows and gilts?
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What is the average pregnancy period for gilts and sows?
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Which of the following is NOT a common sign of pregnancy in sows?
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What physical sign indicates that a sow might be close to farrowing?
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In mating practices, what is the proper way to introduce a sow to a boar?
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Which of the following is a behavioral sign of a sow in standing heat?
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What physical change occurs in a sow during the latter part of pregnancy?
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Which of the following is an incorrect indication of a sow being in pre-heat?
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What is a common external sign of estrus in sows?
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What behavioral activity might indicate that a sow is about to farrow?
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What trend in the Philippine swine industry results from consumer preference for lean meat?
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How are local butchers responding to the change in consumer preference for pork?
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What type of pigs are preferred for their minimal antibiotic residues according to emerging consumer preferences?
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What marketing preference related to pork is unique to the Philippines compared to developed countries?
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Which pork part is NOT commonly sought after by Filipino consumers?
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What is a consequence of the consumer preference for pork with minimal fat tissues?
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What do swine raisers implement in response to the demand for reduced antibiotic residues in pork?
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Which characteristic of pork is most likely to influence Filipino consumer buying habits?
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In the context of changing consumer preferences, what is a notable characteristic of meat consumption in the Philippines?
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What marketing strategy is adopted by pork sellers in the Philippines to adapt to consumer preferences?
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What is the average gestation period for pigs, often remembered as a specific sequence of months and weeks?
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Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine sexual receptivity in sows and gilts?
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What common sign indicates that a sow is pregnant towards the later stages of gestation?
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Which group is acknowledged for drafting the current edition of the publication?
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Which behavioral change is commonly observed in sows before farrowing?
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Which description best matches the standing heat behavior in sows?
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What was essential for the publication of this edition according to the acknowledgments?
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Which institution allowed its staff to serve as members of the technical committee?
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Which farm provided photos for the publication?
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Who received special acknowledgment for their unselfish assistance in the publication process?
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Which division provided assistance in the production and printing of this publication?
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What type of assistance did PCAARRD appreciate from various agencies and individuals?
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Why is the cooperation of the committee members considered crucial for this publication?
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What is a common practice in selecting replacement gilts for breeding?
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What is one of the main disadvantages of inbreeding in swine breeding?
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Which of the following is NOT a technique used for heat detection in sows?
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During the pregnancy or gestation period, what is a crucial aspect of managing sows?
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What is a primary reason for using feed additives in swine nutrition?
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Which method is typically recommended for managing pig waste on farms?
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What is a critical consideration in the design of pig housing systems?
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In swine health management, what is typically emphasized as a preventative measure?
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Which of the following factors does NOT typically affect the success of a swine breeding program?
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Which reproductive issue can arise postpartum in sows?
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What physical trait should be prioritized when selecting breeding boars?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended weight for selecting breeding boars?
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What is an important factor to consider when assessing the performance of breeding boars?
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Which trait should be avoided when selecting breeding gilts?
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What condition in boars must be avoided to ensure good reproductive health?
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What is a significant defect to avoid when selecting gilts?
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Which characteristic is essential for breeding gilts in relation to their udder?
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What is the primary purpose of culling in pig breeding?
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What is a necessary trait for gilts to accommodate suckling pigs effectively?
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Which performance metric is NOT recommended when selecting breeding boars?
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What change in consumer preference has significantly impacted the Philippine swine industry?
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How are swine raisers responding to the consumer demand for minimal antibiotic residues in pork?
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What form of pork is primarily preferred by consumers in the Philippines?
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Which pork parts are particularly popular among Filipino consumers?
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What trend is affecting the pricing of slaughter pigs in the local market?
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What is the primary reason for the shift in consumer preference towards fresh-chilled pork?
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Which group of swine raisers is particularly influenced by consumer preferences regarding pork fat levels?
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What aspect of the Philippine swine market primarily affects the supply chain?
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How do local butchers respond to the changing consumer demand for pork characteristics?
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What fat characteristic influences the pricing of pigs sold by swine raisers?
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What is the ideal weight for a boar to be considered ready for breeding?
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What is the primary reason for transporting newly purchased boars with care?
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At what age do boars typically reach puberty?
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Why is proper boar management critical during the breeding season?
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What should be done 6-8 weeks before using boars for breeding?
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What is the main purpose of colostrum for young pigs?
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What is the definition of estrus in female pigs?
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Which term refers to a young female pig under one year of age that has not yet given birth?
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What does heterosis refer to in the context of livestock?
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What is the biological significance of castration in pig management?
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What does the term 'farrowing' specifically refer to in swine management?
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Why is contamination significant in the health of pigs?
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What is the implication of understanding gestation in swine management?
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What is a notable characteristic of the Landrace breed?
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Which breed is known for its superior growth rate and feed efficiency?
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What common color variations are found in the Duroc breed?
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What is a significant disadvantage of the Pietrain breed?
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Which breed is recognized for its prolificacy and mothering ability?
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What is a characteristic feature of hybrids introduced for pork production?
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What is the typical ear type associated with the Pietrain breed?
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Which breed is predominantly recognized for its spotted black and white coat?
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What is a major defect commonly found in the Landrace breed?
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What color are most Duroc pigs typically perceived to be?
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What sperm concentration is recommended during summer months to compensate for lower production due to heat stress?
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What percentage of normal sperm cells should be present in an ejaculate for it to be considered healthy?
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What temperature range is ideal for refrigerating extended semen after processing?
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How long should extended semen ideally be used for artificial insemination to achieve the best results?
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What is the main purpose of diluting semen after collection?
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Which of the following is a step in the process of artificial insemination of sows or gilts?
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What maximum percentage of sperm cell abnormalities is acceptable in a healthy ejaculate?
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Which trait is common among unproductive boars that should be removed from the herd?
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What odor characteristic is typical of a clean ejaculate?
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What is a sign that a gilt may be unproductive?
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What can negatively affect the motility of sperm during transportation?
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Which of the following materials can be used for lubricating the catheter during insemination?
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Which characteristic is NOT indicative of a sow that should be removed from the herd?
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Which of the following diseases could lead to the removal of boars and sows from the herd?
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Which breed of pig is known for its good mothering ability and large litter size?
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What describes the general appearance of Philippine native pigs?
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What is a common problem with sows that may affect their productivity?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with unproductive boars?
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What type of pigs is observed to have good mothering ability and adaptability to local rural farms?
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Which statement about the breeding capacity of sows is incorrect?
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What is the primary advantage of the life cycle housing system in swine management?
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What is the recommended relative humidity level for the air moisture in the breeding house?
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Which of the following materials is commonly NOT used to construct doors for pig pens?
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In which housing unit are pregnant gilts and sows typically housed to prevent injuries?
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What is the purpose of elevating the farrowing crates in the farrowing unit?
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What is the primary purpose of colostrum in pigs?
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Which term refers to a young female pig that has not yet given birth?
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What is estrus in female pigs commonly referred to as?
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What is the significance of heterosis in swine breeding?
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What does contamination in the context of swine health typically imply?
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Which process describes the act of giving birth in sows?
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How is gestation best described in swine management?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding boars?
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What is the average gestation period for sows and gilts?
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Which of the following is NOT a method to determine sexual receptivity in sows?
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What common behavior indicates that a sow is ready for mating?
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What is a common physical sign seen towards the end of a sow's pregnancy?
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In which method is the presence of a teaser boar primarily utilized?
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Which sign is typically observed in a sow when she is in standing heat?
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What signifies the presence of milk in a sow before farrowing?
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Which physical sign is an indicator that a sow is not in heat?
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Which factor does NOT typically influence the detection of pregnancy in sows?
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What is a key behavioral sign of a sow in advanced stages of pregnancy?
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What is the minimum age gilts should be bred to avoid poor growth and development?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of estrus in swine?
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Which requirement is essential for the accreditation of a swine breeder farm?
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What is the typical duration of the estrous cycle in sows?
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Which of the following diseases must a farm have appropriate prevention programs for accreditation?
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Which of the following does NOT influence the duration of the estrous cycle in swine?
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What is the recommended minimum weight for gilts before breeding?
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What characteristic behavior indicates a sow is in full estrus?
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What must a farm maintain to be certified as brucellosis- and leptospirosis-free?
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What should be documented to meet the accreditation criteria for swine farms?
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What is the primary benefit of pelleting animal feed?
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What should be a key focus when providing nutrition to pregnant sows?
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What is one effect of increased dietary fat before farrowing?
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What dietary approach helps prevent constipation in pregnant sows?
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How much maternal weight gain is typically aimed for during pregnancy?
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What is the significance of gradually increasing feed for lactating sows?
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What is a major consequence of gestating sows becoming too fat?
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What feeding practice should be avoided on the farrowing day?
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What is the role of grinding feed in swine nutrition?
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What is an important aspect regarding the maintenance requirements of sows?
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What is the minimum recommended sperm concentration for optimal reproductive results during the summer months?
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What percentage of normal sperm cells should be present in a semen sample?
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What is the ideal storage temperature for extended semen?
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What should the motility percentage of sperm cells be for adequate fertility?
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What step should be taken before artificially inseminating a sow or gilt?
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What is a common feature of a clean ejaculate?
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Why is dilution important during semen processing?
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What percentage of sperm cell abnormalities is acceptable in a semen sample?
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What type of jelly should be used to lubricate the catheter for insemination?
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How long after processing should the extended semen ideally be used for artificial insemination?
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What are the behaviors typically observed in a sow that is in heat?
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How long does a typical sow stay in heat?
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What is a significant benefit of early pregnancy detection in sows?
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Which method is NOT commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in sows?
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What characteristic is observed in the vulva of a sow in heat?
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What indicates that a sow is not in heat compared to one that is?
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Which statement best describes natural mating in swine?
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What is the main advantage of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?
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How does the behavior of a sow that is in heat differ from one that is not?
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What is a common sign that might indicate a breeding problem?
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What should be prioritized in designing a pig house to ensure the well-being of the animals?
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Which practice is recommended for breeding pigs to enhance reproductive efficiency?
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What is a crucial consideration when formulating diets for grower and finisher pigs?
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Which roofing material is preferred to effectively manage heat in pig houses?
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What should be avoided when preparing a boar for mating?
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What is the primary aim of the customer satisfaction feedback form?
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What section is NOT included in the rating options of the feedback form?
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Which of the following options is a measure taken to assess the feedback on publications?
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In which section of the feedback form would customers rate the 'Response & delivery time'?
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What type of feedback is specifically sought for improving PCAARRD's services?
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What demographic information is NOT requested from the respondents in the feedback form?
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Upon completion, to what address should the feedback form be mailed?
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Which method of response is indicated for the feedback form?
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What was the value of live hog production in the Philippines in 2002?
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What mainly contributes to the increasing demand for pork in the Philippines?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the high production costs of pork in the Philippines?
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What percentage of the total pork supply was imported in 2002?
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What was the volume of live hogs produced in the Philippines in 1993?
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Which agreement requires the Philippines to open its market to imported products?
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Why is the Philippine pork industry considered not competitive as an exporter?
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What percentage of the total pork supply was constituted by imported pork in 1993?
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What is the average annual growth rate of live hog production from 1993 to 2002?
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What type of use constitutes the majority of total pork supply in the Philippines?
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What is defined as the number of pigs born in one farrowing?
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What term describes the ability of an organism to cause damage or disease?
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At what age is a young pig typically considered a weanling?
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What does the term 'morbidity' refer to in the context of animal health?
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Which of the following best describes a mature female pig that has given birth?
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What is the purpose of a terminal sire in swine breeding?
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What is the average per capita pork consumption in the Philippines as of 2002?
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What is the primary characteristic of triple cross pigs?
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What percentage of the total population of pigs did small farm units represent in 2002?
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What type of flooring is commonly recommended for the creep area in pig housing?
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Which factor contributed MOST to the increase in swine population from 1993 to 2002?
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In swine production, what is the purpose of using slatted floors?
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What was the total volume of pork supply in the Philippines in 1993?
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What growth rate was observed for imported pork from 1993 to 2002?
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What is the minimum pen size recommended for growing-finishing pigs weighing from 30 to 60 kg?
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Which of the following best describes the change in the proportion of pigs in large commercial farms from 1993 to 2002?
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Which partition wall material is suggested for conventional pig pens?
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What was the average annual growth rate of total pork supply in the Philippines between 1993 and 2002?
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What is a key environmental concern associated with swine waste management?
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What was the increase in pork supply from local sources from 1993 to 2002 in terms of total weight?
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What is a significant strength of the local swine industry?
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Which weakness is identified in the local swine industry?
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Which condition best explains the local swine industry's capability to remain competitive?
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What led to the increase in the supply of pork importation from 1993 to 2002?
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What opportunity exists for the local swine industry?
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Which threat could potentially affect the local swine industry's pricing?
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By how much percentage did total pork supply in the Philippines increase from 1993 to 2002?
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What is essential for optimizing swine reproduction according to the content?
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Which external factor poses a sustainability threat to the local swine industry?
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How does the local swine industry benefit from the Swine Breeder Farm Accreditation Program?
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What is a primary drawback identified in the local swine production?
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What factor is highlighted as influencing pig production costs in the Philippines?
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Which aspect of the swine industry reflects a growing potential market?
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What is a key reason for selecting a breed that is common in the local community?
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What is the recommended age to start selecting potential breeding animals?
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Why are crossbreds or upgraded animals preferred for breeding?
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Which trait is commonly emphasized in selecting boars for breeding?
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What should be considered regarding consumer preference before starting a pig production business?
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What factor significantly influences the performance of a pig?
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At what age should final selection of breeding animals typically be made?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended basis for selecting pigs?
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Why are reliable production records important in selecting pigs for breeding?
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What is the benefit of evaluating pigs for breeding at a young age?
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Study Notes
The Philippine Swine Industry
- Pork is a critical part of the Philippine diet, with growing population and per capita consumption driving increasing demand
- Importation of pork is on the rise, indicating that local production struggles to meet the growing demand
Swine Breeds
- The Philippine Native Pig is a local breed
- Large White (Yorkshire), Landrace, Duroc, and Pietrain are popular imported breeds
- Hybrids, resulting from crossbreeding, are commonly utilized for their combined traits
Breeding Systems
- Purebreeding involves mating animals of the same breed to preserve specific traits
- Crossbreeding combines different breeds to harness desirable traits from each breed
- Inbreeding, mating closely related animals, can result in increased genetic uniformity but can also lead to negative health outcomes
Reproduction Management
- Pregnancy detection is crucial for effective herd management, allowing for early identification of non-pregnant sows and efficient planning
- Natural mating involves bringing male and female animals together for mating, while artificial insemination allows for controlled breeding
Nutrition and Feeding
- Proper nutrition is essential for healthy growth, reproduction, and overall pig health
- Pigs require a balanced diet with sufficient nutrients for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation
- Minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and trace elements, play a crucial role in various physiological functions
- Vitamins, classified as fat-soluble and water-soluble, are essential for optimal growth and metabolism
- Feed additives, like antimicrobial agents and enzymes, can enhance growth performance and health, but use must be carefully monitored for potential drawbacks
Housing and Equipment
- Proper housing and ventilation are critical for swine health and comfort
- Housing systems often utilize different units to accommodate different stages of pig development, including pregestation, gestation, farrowing, and growing-finishing units
Waste Management
- Swine waste management is essential for environmental sustainability and public health
- Strategies focus on source reduction through operational procedures, technology, infrastructure, and farm inputs
- Re-use and recycling of swine waste is encouraged as fertilizer, feed, and energy source
- Treatment and disposal of waste are crucial to minimize environmental impact and prevent disease spread
- Odor control is essential to prevent nuisance and ensure community well-being
Herd Management
- Effective herd management programs focus on setting clear objectives, monitoring performance, and establishing targets
- Careful care for boars, sows, and piglets at various stages is crucial for successful pig production
- Maintaining accurate records on health, breeding, and production is key for informed decisions
Herd Health Management
- Biosecurity measures are essential to prevent disease outbreaks and maintain a healthy herd
- Understanding the various causes of diseases, including animal-related, environmental, non-infectious, and infectious factors, is crucial for prevention and treatment
- Effective preventive measures include biosecurity protocols and vaccination programs
- Common post-farrowing issues, such as vulvar discharge, mastitis, agalactia, diarrhea, and pneumonia, require prompt attention and treatment
Marketing and Economics
- Cost-return analysis helps determine the profitability of pig production and identify areas for improvement
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)
- PCAARRD was established on June 22, 2011
- PCAARRD is committed to advancing and fostering partnerships and reinforcing the culture of relevance, excellence, and cooperation.
Trends in the Swine Industry
- Consumers are demanding leaner meat with less fat
- Consumers are demanding pork produced with minimal antibiotics
- Consumers are demanding fresh and fresh-chilled pork
Heat Detection
- There are several methods of determining the right time to breed sows and gilts.
- The most accurate way to determine when a sow is in heat is if she accepts the boar.
- Signs of pregnancy include a cessation of the estrus cycle, a good appetite, and an enlarged abdomen.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
- AI is a practical and efficient method of carrying out genetic improvement in swine.
- AI is dependent on the genetic superiority of the boar.
- Some of the advantages of AI include:
- Increased number of sows that can be serviced
- Reduced injuries from mating
- Control of sexually transmitted diseases
- Allows smaller raisers to keep fewer sows
- Allows for economical use of performance-tested boars
- Provides access for breeding distantly located females.
The AI Process
- The use of AI involves training boars and collecting, evaluating, processing, and storing their semen..
- Boar training normally starts at 6 ½-7 months of age.
The Philippine Swine Industry
- The swine industry adapts to consumer preferences, environmental concerns, and production practices.
- Consumers are increasingly demanding lean meat with less fat.
- Consumers desire pork raised with minimal antibiotic use.
- Pork is marketed in its fresh and fresh-chilled form.
- Consumers in the Philippines purchase various cuts and parts of pigs, including feet, head, ears, tails, and offal, for use in culinary dishes.
Selection, Breeds, and Breeding
- Boars should exhibit masculine traits, well-developed testicles, strong constitution, high libido, and controlled temperament.
- Boars should have strong pasterns, a strong back, and a long body for successful mounting.
- Boars should not have physical and hereditary defects like hernias, undescended testes, and blind or inverted teats.
- Boars should possess good muscle development, minimal backfat, and meet specific growth and feed efficiency criteria.
- Gilts should have a good temperament, smooth appearance, at least six pairs of prominent teats, a long body, strong legs, and minimal backfat.
Reproduction
- The gestation period for swine is approximately 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days).
- Signs of pregnancy include cessation of the estrous cycle, increased appetite, weight gain, enlargement of the abdomen, and swelling of the external genitalia.
- Signs of imminent farrowing include nervousness, restlessness, distended mammary glands, presence of milk, and nest-building behavior in sows.
- Heat detection techniques include the back pressure test, riding-the-back test, semen-on-snout test, teaser boar method, and examination of external signs.
Swine Industry Research and Development Foundation
- The Philippine Swine Industry Research and Development Foundation was founded by Menandro M. Maleon
- The foundation includes various experts from different research institutions and companies
Glossary of Terms
- Boar: A male pig of any age, usually intended for breeding
- Castration: The removal of the testes from a male pig.
- Colostrum: A nutrient-rich fluid secreted by sows after giving birth, providing vital antibodies for piglets.
- Conception: The fertilization of an egg.
- Contamination: The presence of microorganisms in a pig's body without causing clinical signs of disease
- Estrus: The period of sexual receptivity in a female pig, also known as "heat."
- Farrowing: The act of giving birth in sows.
- Gestation: The pregnancy period from conception to birth.
- Gilt: A young female pig under one year of age that has not yet given birth.
- Heterosis: Improved vigor and performance in crossbred animals compared to their parent breeds.
Unproductive and Undesirable Animals
- Boars: Those with difficulties mounting, poor semen quality, temperamental behavior, inability to breed, and positive results for diseases like brucellosis, leptospirosis, or pseudorabies should be removed from the herd.
- Gilts: Animals that do not settle after two matings with a proven sire, do not cycle after ten months of age, and have unsound physical characteristics should be culled.
- Sows: Culling should occur for poor litter size, failure to breed 30 days after weaning, poor maternal instinct, failing to wean at least 8 healthy piglets, and testing positive for infectious diseases.
Common Breeds of Swine in the Philippines
- Philippine Native Pig: Typically small, black or black and white, with good mothering abilities and an adaptation to local conditions.
- Large White: White breed with good mothering abilities, large litter sizes, and sturdy legs. Known for thicker backfat compared to other breeds.
- Landrace: White breed with long bodies, large drooping ears, and a long snout. Known for mothering ability and prolificacy, but with weak hind legs.
- Duroc: Reddish-brown breed known for its fast growth rate, efficient feed conversion, good muscle quality, and resistance to stress.
- Pietrain: Black and white spotted, well-muscled breed with thin backfat, but weak hind legs and susceptibility to stress.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
- Sperm quality is assessed for concentration, motility, and morphology.
- Semen is processed and diluted to preserve its potency for a period of time, maximizing the use of one ejaculate for multiple females.
- Artificial insemination allows precise timing for optimal conception and breeding results in swine.
- The ideal temperature for storing extended semen is 16°C - 17°C.
- Handling and transporting semen requires maintaining proper temperatures to ensure sperm viability.
- Inseminating sows/gilts involves cleaning the sow, lubricating the catheter, and carefully inserting it.
- The stages of the estrous cycle determine the appropriate timing for insemination.
Management of Boars for Breeding
- A boar should be at least eight months old, weigh 120-130 kg (with controlled feeding), be able to mount females, and produce high-quality semen for breeding.
- Boars should be purchased 6-8 weeks before breeding to allow for selection and assessment.
- Transporting newly purchased boars requires care to minimize stress, injury, and diseases that can affect fertility for up to 6-8 weeks.
- Achieving high farrowing rates with large litters is a primary goal of swine breeding programs.
- Good boar management practices before, during, and after the breeding season are crucial for farm performance targets.
Puberty in Boars
- Puberty occurs when free spermatozoa are present in the semen.
- Boys reach puberty around 4-6 months.
- A boar is deemed ready for breeding at approximately eight months old when he reaches a specific weight, can mount, and produces high-quality semen.
Swine Breeding Age
- Swine reach sexual maturity around five months, but breeding at this stage can hinder growth and development.
- Gilts should ideally be bred at least 225 days old (7.5 months), weighing around 120-130 kg, and after completing at least two estrous cycles.
- Young gilts bred before meeting these criteria may produce smaller litters and exhibit poor maternal instincts.
Estrus in Swine
- The estrous cycle in sows and mature gilts lasts 18 to 24 days, with an average of 21 days.
- The estrus or heat period itself lasts 2 to 5 days and can vary depending on the breed.
- Signs of estrus include:
- Swelling and reddening of the vulva
- Thick mucous discharge from the vagina
- Mounting behavior towards other animals
- Restlessness, frequent movement, and grunting
- Reduced appetite
- Frequent urination with small amounts of urine
- Difficulty maneuvering in the presence of a boar
- Reactions to the mating sounds of boars
Techniques for Heat Detection
- Accurate heat detection is crucial for proper breeding timing.
- The most reliable method involves observing the sow's acceptance of the boar.
- Methods for heat detection include:
- Back pressure test
- Riding-the-back test
- Semen-on-snout test
- Teaser boar method
- Examination of external signs of estrus and records
Pregnancy in Swine
- The gestation period in sows and gilts ranges from 110 to 119 days, with an average of 114 days.
- Signs of pregnancy include:
- Cessation of the estrous cycle
- Increased appetite and rapid weight gain
- Gradual enlargement of the abdomen
- Advanced stage pregnancy signs include:
- Swelling and reddening of external genitalia
- Restlessness and nervousness
- Distended mammary glands
- Presence of milk indicating farrowing within 24 hours
- Nest building in pasture-raised sows
Nutritional Requirements for Sow Management
- Proper nutrition for sows is essential for successful swine production.
- Sows should be flushed with high-energy diets to encourage ovulation and maximize the number of ova released.
- Gestating sows should be prevented from becoming excessively fat to reduce embryonic mortality.
- Pregnant gilts and sows require extra nutrients for weight gain, production of conception products, and maternal tissue development.
- Maintenance requirements increase with body weight but are not affected by gestation weight gain.
Feeding Strategies for Gestating Sows
- Restrict energy intake to cover maintenance needs and support protein and fat deposition.
- Utilize limited feeding to optimize efficiency.
- Offer fibrous, bulky diets to prevent excessive fat gain and constipation.
- Include high rice or wheat bran and reduce copra meal in the diet a few days before expected farrowing to prevent constipation.
- Soilage and drinking water help to prevent constipation.
- Do not feed sows on the day of farrowing.
- Increasing fat in the diet before farrowing boosts the fat content of colostrum and milk, improving piglet survival rates.
Swine Housing Systems
- Housing systems should match the scale of operation.
- Small-scale operations can utilize conventional or all-purpose housing, combining multiple farm activities in a single building.
- Medium-scale and commercial farms typically adopt the "life cycle" housing system, which promotes biosecurity and maximizes labor efficiency.
- The life cycle system includes:
- Pre-gestation and boar unit
- Gestation unit
- Farrowing and nursery unit
- Growing-finishing unit
Pregestation and Boar Unit Requirements
- The breeding house should provide adequate space for mating activities.
- Mating usually takes place in the boar's pen for safety and labor efficiency.
- Maintain a relative humidity of 70% and a daily light cycle of 16-18 hours.
- Provide facilities for easy access and close supervision during mating.
- House boars individually to avoid injury and promote mating performance.
- Bedding materials like sand, wood shavings, or rice straw can be used to address leg problems.
- Pregnant gilts and sows can be housed individually (feeding-lying stalls) or in group pens.
Gestation Unit Requirements
- Newly bred and pregnant gilts and sows should be housed in individual stalls to prevent injuries, competition, and stress.
Farrowing Unit Requirements
- Transfer pregnant sows to the farrowing unit one week before expected farrowing.
- House sows in elevated, slatted farrowing crates, typically confined between two tubular gates.
- Galvanized steel pipes and plastic flooring are commonly used materials in this unit.
Pork Production in the Philippines
- Pork imports have increased significantly in the country, from 0.05% of the total pork supply in 1993 to 1.89% in 2002.
- The increase in imports is driven by the gap between local production and domestic demand, which is consistently increasing due to population growth and per capita consumption.
- The Philippines remains a leading swine producer within the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- The country is not yet competitive as a pork exporter due to high production costs.
- Factors contributing to the high cost include feed, transport, handling, cold storage, shrinkage, and trading costs, all of which are higher in the Philippines compared to other ASEAN countries.
Live Hog Production
- From 1993 to 2002, live hog production increased consistently at an average annual growth rate of 4.24%.
- In 1993, live hog production volume was recorded at 1.1 million metric tons (M t) valued at PHP 38.96 billion.
- In 2002, the volume increased to 1.67 M t valued at PHP 86.72 billion at current prices.
Pregnancy Diagnosis
- Early pregnancy detection provides a number of advantages for the pig farm:
- Easy identification of sows for culling or rebreeding.
- Early warning of breeding problems due to infertile boars or cystic ovaries in sows.
- Efficient use of breeding facilities and planning for farrowing, nursing and finishing.
- Prevents selling of pregnant sows.
Mating Systems
- Natural Mating: Involves bringing the boar to mate an "in-heat" gilt/ sow or vice versa and separating them after mating.
Semen Collection and Evaluation
- Semen quality is evaluated based on the following criteria:
- Color: A normal ejaculate should be a milky white color.
- Smell/Odor: A clean ejaculate should have little odor.
-
Microscopic:
- Concentration: 3 billion spz/dose (100 ml) or 6 B spz during summer months.
- Motility: At least 70% of sperm cells should show progressive movement.
- Morphology: At least 75% of sperm cells should be normal. Sperm cell abnormalities should not exceed 25% of the count.
Semen Processing
- Semen is processed immediately after collection to preserve potency for a period of time.
- Dilution allows using one ejaculate for multiple females.
- Extenders provide nourishment and protect sperm cells from harmful microorganisms.
- Commercially available semen extenders can be purchased for PHP 1250 - PHP 450 per 1-L pack.
Semen Storage and Transport
- Extended semen should be stored at an ideal temperature of 16° - 17°C.
- Semen should be used for artificial insemination (AI) within 48 hours of storage.
- Transportation temperatures should be carefully maintained as extreme temperatures can decrease sperm motility.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
-
Steps:
- Bathe the sow/gilt, paying particular attention to the vulva and surrounding areas.
- Clean and dry hands before insemination.
- Lubricate the catheter with non-spermicidal jelly, paraffin oil or a few drops of semen.
- Invert the semen bottle 2-3 times to mix the semen and insert the nozzle into the end of the catheter.
Feeding Practices
-
Grower/Finisher Pigs:
- Feed intake adjusts according to the energy content of the diet.
- Feed formulations must meet energy, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral requirements.
-
Breeding Pigs:
- High-energy feeds are given before breeding to increase ovulation rate and litter size.
- Boars should not be fed shortly before mating to avoid sluggishness.
Housing and Equipment
-
Building Orientation:
- Buildings should be oriented east-west to protect animals from direct sunlight.
- Thermal comfort is important, including variables such as air temperature, air velocity, floor insulation, infrared radiation, and humidity.
Cooling System
-
Tunnel Ventilation:
- Blower fans with flexible ducts can be installed to improve air distribution.
-
Sprinkle Nozzle Systems:
- Can be installed on the roof or inside the building to help alleviate high temperatures.
Roofing
-
Materials:
- Corrugated galvanized iron (G.I.) sheets and heat insulators are common materials.
- The outer surface should be light-colored to reflect sunlight, while the inner surface should be dark colored to minimize heat buildup.
Partition Walls and Doors/Gates
- Slatted partition walls made of round iron bars and G.I. pipes can be used.
Swine Industry in the Philippines
- Pork is the most consumed animal meat product in the Philippines.
- Pork consumption in the Philippines consistently represents over 55% of total daily animal meat consumption.
- In 2002, per capita pork consumption was estimated at 16.88 kg, representing 57.07% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos.
- The local swine industry in the Philippines is the most organized in terms of production and distribution systems.
- The swine population in the Philippines has been steadily increasing, particularly in commercial farms due to high demand for pork.
- Increased demand is driven by population growth and rising per capita pork consumption.
- The total pork supply in the Philippines is derived from local production and importation, both showing positive growth from 1993 to 2002.
- Pork importation significantly increased during this period, growing at a faster rate than local production.
- Increased slaughter weight of pigs is expected to improve pork dressing percentage and reduce drip loss.
Swine Breeding Selection
- Choosing breeding animals is crucial for maximizing production and reproductive traits.
- Breed selection should consider local conditions, finding breeds that perform well in the specific environment.
- Crossbreds and upgraded animals offer greater adaptability and resilience compared to purebreds.
- Buyers often favor white pigs over colored ones, and lean pork commands higher market value.
- Select pigs for breeding based on reliable production records, recognizing the interaction between genetics and the environment.
- Evaluate potential breeding animals at 2-3 months old, allowing time for assessment before final selection at 5-6 months.
Selecting Boars for Breeding
- Boars are essential in shaping the herd's genetic makeup.
- Select boars based on economically important traits such as average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness, and feed conversion ratio.
Housing and Equipment
- Farrowing crates should provide ample space with a creep area for piglets, ensuring at least 1.20 m in height with a 1.0 m door.
- Utilize slatted flooring to maintain hygiene, constructed from materials like concrete, round bars, or plastic matting.
- The creep area needs a sufficient heat source, like light bulbs or LPG-fired convection lamps.
- Flooring materials for the creep area include plastic-coated wire mesh, plastic, and/or metal options.
- Employ an "all-in, all-out" scheme for growing-finishing units, housed in conventional pens with concrete floors and partitions made of concrete, round bars, or G.I. pipes.
Waste Management
- Environmental concerns associated with piggeries include water quality degradation, soil depletion, air pollution, and rural-urban interface issues.
- Various factors influence the pollution potential of swine waste.
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Explore the dynamics of the Philippine swine industry, focusing on pig breeds, breeding systems, and reproduction management. This quiz covers local and imported breeds, as well as the various techniques employed in swine production to meet the rising demand for pork.