Swine Production
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Questions and Answers

Which element is specifically mentioned as necessary for vitamin B12 synthesis in pigs?

  • Magnesium
  • Calcium
  • Cobalt (correct)
  • Iron

    • What are the classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?

  • Macro and Micro
  • Fat soluble and Water soluble (correct)
  • Essential and Non-essential
  • Solid and Liquid

    • Why are antimicrobial agents added to swine diets?

  • To improve weight gains and reproduction (correct)
  • To provide additional minerals
  • To enhance taste
  • To increase fiber content

    • Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by pigs and is not a dietary requirement?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feed is most appropriate for swine, considering their digestion system?

    <p>High-energy, low-fiber feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of the Philippine Swine Industry as outlined in the SWOT analysis?

    <p>To enhance the competitiveness of pork production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeding system involves mating pigs of different genetic backgrounds?

    <p>Crossbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended management practice for a pregnant sow?

    <p>Providing ample space and comfort for lying down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient classification is essential for maintaining pig health, especially during growth periods?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gestation period for pigs typically recognized in swine management?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common breed of swine in the Philippines?

    <p>Brahman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which waste management practice is highlighted as a method to reduce swine waste disposal issues?

    <p>Re-use as fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of artificial insemination (AI) in swine breeding?

    <p>Increased genetic diversity without needing physical contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of proper nutrition in a piggery operation?

    <p>To promote faster growth and efficient feed utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological state indicates that an animal is not gaining or losing weight?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient type is primarily involved in tissue building and repair?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase demands additional nutrients for fetal development?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are physiological nutrient requirements structured?

    <p>They follow a progressive, additive pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an energy nutrient?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water included in nutrient classifications?

    <p>Because it regulates metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiological state requiring additional nutrients?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of ensuring proper nutrition during lactation?

    <p>It ensures the dam's body reserves are not depleted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient classification is essential for maintenance and repair of the body?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of imported pork in the total pork supply in 1993?

    <p>0.05%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the increasing demand for pork in the Philippines?

    <p>Increasing population and per capita consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average annual growth rate of live hog production from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>4.24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic agreements imply that the Philippines must open its market to imported products?

    <p>World Trade Organization (WTO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Philippine pork industry not competitive as an exporter compared to its ASEAN counterparts?

    <p>High production costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of pork supply is primarily used for processed meat products?

    <p>Imported pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the volume of live hogs produced in the Philippines in 2002?

    <p>1.67 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the high production cost of pork in the Philippines?

    <p>Low demand for pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2002, what percentage of total pork supply did imported pork account for?

    <p>1.89%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were local swine raisers affected by the opening of the market to imports?

    <p>Concerns about competitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary behavior of a sow in heat?

    <p>Frequent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is typically observed in sows that are not in heat?

    <p>Calm behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used for pregnancy diagnosis in sows?

    <p>Internal palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a typical heat duration last in sows that are not in heat?

    <p>1 day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of detecting early pregnancy in sows?

    <p>Preventing the sale of pregnant sows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During natural mating, what is the usual practice after mating?

    <p>Separating the boar and gilt/sow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in a sow when it is in full heat?

    <p>Seeking out the boar and allowing mounting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT an advantage of early pregnancy detection in pigs?

    <p>Increasing pregnancy rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mucus is typically observed in a sow that is in heat?

    <p>Clear and sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a sow is not in heat compared to a sow in heat?

    <p>Calm behavior and no interest in the boar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using artificial insemination (AI) in swine breeding?

    <p>It reduces the risk of injury from mating large boars with small sows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is critical for the success of artificial insemination?

    <p>Accurate heat detection and timing of insemination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is associated with artificial insemination?

    <p>It necessitates properly trained technicians for effective procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the training of boars for artificial insemination?

    <p>It normally starts when boars are about 6 ½ to 7 months old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of hand mating in livestock management?

    <p>It helps predict the timing of piglet births.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the customer satisfaction feedback form provided by PCAARRD?

    <p>To assess and improve the services offered by PCAARRD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the service does NOT have a rating option in the provided feedback form?

    <p>Staff professionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these customer types is specifically aimed to provide feedback in PCAARRD's form?

    <p>Business/Private Sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PCAARRD primarily request from customers for service improvement?

    <p>Specific comments and suggestions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication title is being evaluated for customer satisfaction in the feedback form?

    <p>The Philippines Recommends for Pork Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the markers used by PCAARRD to measure customer satisfaction in their services?

    <p>Quality of service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following customer types is NOT mentioned in the feedback form?

    <p>Educator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the current revision of the customer satisfaction feedback form effective?

    <p>March 24, 2014</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the feedback form NOT require from the customer?

    <p>Social media account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of PCAARRD in the agricultural sector?

    <p>To formulate policies and plans for S&amp;T-based research and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity does PCAARRD collaborate with to support research and development initiatives?

    <p>International and national organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What certification does PCAARRD hold for its quality management system?

    <p>ISO 9001:2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the commitments of PCAARRD regarding the agricultural and natural resources sectors?

    <p>To advance self-sufficiency and global competitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body resulted from the consolidation of PCARRD and PCAMRD?

    <p>PCAARRD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was PCAARRD established?

    <p>2011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PCAARRD aim to support its research and development programs?

    <p>By generating resources and allocating government funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What culture does PCAARRD aim to reinforce in its operations?

    <p>A culture of relevance, excellence, and cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine sexual receptivity in sows and gilts?

    <p>Back pressure test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average pregnancy period for gilts and sows?

    <p>114 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common sign of pregnancy in sows?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical sign indicates that a sow might be close to farrowing?

    <p>Presence of milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mating practices, what is the proper way to introduce a sow to a boar?

    <p>Bring the sow to the boar pen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a behavioral sign of a sow in standing heat?

    <p>Stands still when ridden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change occurs in a sow during the latter part of pregnancy?

    <p>Abdominal swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect indication of a sow being in pre-heat?

    <p>Shows heightened aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common external sign of estrus in sows?

    <p>Reddening of genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral activity might indicate that a sow is about to farrow?

    <p>Nesting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend in the Philippine swine industry results from consumer preference for lean meat?

    <p>Selection of slaughter pigs with minimal backfat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are local butchers responding to the change in consumer preference for pork?

    <p>Lowering liveweight prices for fat pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pigs are preferred for their minimal antibiotic residues according to emerging consumer preferences?

    <p>Pigs raised in multi-location farming systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marketing preference related to pork is unique to the Philippines compared to developed countries?

    <p>Preference for warm-fresh and fresh-chilled pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pork part is NOT commonly sought after by Filipino consumers?

    <p>Back fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the consumer preference for pork with minimal fat tissues?

    <p>Selective breeding towards leaner pig genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do swine raisers implement in response to the demand for reduced antibiotic residues in pork?

    <p>Shifting to smaller multi-location farming modules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of pork is most likely to influence Filipino consumer buying habits?

    <p>Degrees of fat present in pork cuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of changing consumer preferences, what is a notable characteristic of meat consumption in the Philippines?

    <p>Demand for specific animal parts over standard cuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marketing strategy is adopted by pork sellers in the Philippines to adapt to consumer preferences?

    <p>Offering warm-fresh pork in wet markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average gestation period for pigs, often remembered as a specific sequence of months and weeks?

    <p>3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine sexual receptivity in sows and gilts?

    <p>Ultrasound imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common sign indicates that a sow is pregnant towards the later stages of gestation?

    <p>Enlargement of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is acknowledged for drafting the current edition of the publication?

    <p>Technical committee members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral change is commonly observed in sows before farrowing?

    <p>Nest building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best matches the standing heat behavior in sows?

    <p>Stands still but arches back when ridden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was essential for the publication of this edition according to the acknowledgments?

    <p>Cooperation and assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution allowed its staff to serve as members of the technical committee?

    <p>University of the Philippines Los Banos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which farm provided photos for the publication?

    <p>John and John Farm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who received special acknowledgment for their unselfish assistance in the publication process?

    <p>Mr. Eric E. Perez and Ms. Jasmin A. Malabanan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division provided assistance in the production and printing of this publication?

    <p>Applied Communication Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assistance did PCAARRD appreciate from various agencies and individuals?

    <p>Photographic contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cooperation of the committee members considered crucial for this publication?

    <p>They ensured the technical accuracy of content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common practice in selecting replacement gilts for breeding?

    <p>Choosing individuals based on their reproductive history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main disadvantages of inbreeding in swine breeding?

    <p>Lower reproductive performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a technique used for heat detection in sows?

    <p>Applying artificial insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the pregnancy or gestation period, what is a crucial aspect of managing sows?

    <p>Ensuring proper hydration and nutrient balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for using feed additives in swine nutrition?

    <p>To improve the palatability and digestibility of feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically recommended for managing pig waste on farms?

    <p>Implementing source reduction and recycling practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration in the design of pig housing systems?

    <p>Ensuring adequate ventilation and temperature control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In swine health management, what is typically emphasized as a preventative measure?

    <p>Regular biosecurity protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT typically affect the success of a swine breeding program?

    <p>Feeding preferences of farm staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive issue can arise postpartum in sows?

    <p>Mastitis or metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical trait should be prioritized when selecting breeding boars?

    <p>Strong back and long body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended weight for selecting breeding boars?

    <p>Over 160 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor to consider when assessing the performance of breeding boars?

    <p>Muscle development in ham, loin, and shoulder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait should be avoided when selecting breeding gilts?

    <p>Blind or inverted teats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition in boars must be avoided to ensure good reproductive health?

    <p>Undescended testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant defect to avoid when selecting gilts?

    <p>Low, sagging back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for breeding gilts in relation to their udder?

    <p>Prominent, well-spaced teats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of culling in pig breeding?

    <p>To maintain economically important traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary trait for gilts to accommodate suckling pigs effectively?

    <p>Relatively long body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which performance metric is NOT recommended when selecting breeding boars?

    <p>Backfat thickness over 2 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in consumer preference has significantly impacted the Philippine swine industry?

    <p>Preference for lean meat with less fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are swine raisers responding to the consumer demand for minimal antibiotic residues in pork?

    <p>Introducing smaller module, multi-location swine raising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of pork is primarily preferred by consumers in the Philippines?

    <p>Warm-fresh and fresh-chilled pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pork parts are particularly popular among Filipino consumers?

    <p>Head, feet, and offal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is affecting the pricing of slaughter pigs in the local market?

    <p>Lower prices are offered for pigs with high fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the shift in consumer preference towards fresh-chilled pork?

    <p>Health concerns about processed meats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of swine raisers is particularly influenced by consumer preferences regarding pork fat levels?

    <p>Backyard farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Philippine swine market primarily affects the supply chain?

    <p>High production costs of imported pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do local butchers respond to the changing consumer demand for pork characteristics?

    <p>By selecting slaughter pigs with thinner backfat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fat characteristic influences the pricing of pigs sold by swine raisers?

    <p>Thinner backfat results in better liveweight prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal weight for a boar to be considered ready for breeding?

    <p>120-130 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for transporting newly purchased boars with care?

    <p>To minimize stress and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do boars typically reach puberty?

    <p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is proper boar management critical during the breeding season?

    <p>It is required for achieving high farrowing rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done 6-8 weeks before using boars for breeding?

    <p>Purchase and health check the boars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of colostrum for young pigs?

    <p>To protect against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of estrus in female pigs?

    <p>Period of sexual receptivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a young female pig under one year of age that has not yet given birth?

    <p>Gilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does heterosis refer to in the context of livestock?

    <p>Improved performance in crossbred animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological significance of castration in pig management?

    <p>To reduce aggression and unwanted breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'farrowing' specifically refer to in swine management?

    <p>Act of giving birth in sows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is contamination significant in the health of pigs?

    <p>It indicates a presence of organisms without clinical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of understanding gestation in swine management?

    <p>It helps in planning for proper care during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the Landrace breed?

    <p>Weak hind legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is known for its superior growth rate and feed efficiency?

    <p>Duroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common color variations are found in the Duroc breed?

    <p>Light golden brown to dark red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of the Pietrain breed?

    <p>Weak hind legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is recognized for its prolificacy and mothering ability?

    <p>Landrace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hybrids introduced for pork production?

    <p>Good muscle development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical ear type associated with the Pietrain breed?

    <p>Medium-sized erect ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is predominantly recognized for its spotted black and white coat?

    <p>Pietrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major defect commonly found in the Landrace breed?

    <p>Weak hind legs and pasterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are most Duroc pigs typically perceived to be?

    <p>Cherry red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sperm concentration is recommended during summer months to compensate for lower production due to heat stress?

    <p>6 B spz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of normal sperm cells should be present in an ejaculate for it to be considered healthy?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range is ideal for refrigerating extended semen after processing?

    <p>16°C - 17°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should extended semen ideally be used for artificial insemination to achieve the best results?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of diluting semen after collection?

    <p>To provide nourishment and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step in the process of artificial insemination of sows or gilts?

    <p>Invert the semen bottle to mix it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maximum percentage of sperm cell abnormalities is acceptable in a healthy ejaculate?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is common among unproductive boars that should be removed from the herd?

    <p>Poor semen quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What odor characteristic is typical of a clean ejaculate?

    <p>Little odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that a gilt may be unproductive?

    <p>Does not settle after two repeated matings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can negatively affect the motility of sperm during transportation?

    <p>Extreme temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can be used for lubricating the catheter during insemination?

    <p>Non-spermicidal jelly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT indicative of a sow that should be removed from the herd?

    <p>Breeds on time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases could lead to the removal of boars and sows from the herd?

    <p>Brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of pig is known for its good mothering ability and large litter size?

    <p>Large White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the general appearance of Philippine native pigs?

    <p>Small and solid black or black and white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem with sows that may affect their productivity?

    <p>Poor performance in littersize for two consecutive farrowings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with unproductive boars?

    <p>Good semen viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pigs is observed to have good mothering ability and adaptability to local rural farms?

    <p>Philippine native pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the breeding capacity of sows is incorrect?

    <p>Sows can reproduce indefinitely without any issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the life cycle housing system in swine management?

    <p>Maximizes labor efficiency and space requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended relative humidity level for the air moisture in the breeding house?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is commonly NOT used to construct doors for pig pens?

    <p>Fiberglass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which housing unit are pregnant gilts and sows typically housed to prevent injuries?

    <p>Gestation unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of elevating the farrowing crates in the farrowing unit?

    <p>To prevent the sow from laying on piglets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of colostrum in pigs?

    <p>To offer immunity against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a young female pig that has not yet given birth?

    <p>Gilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is estrus in female pigs commonly referred to as?

    <p>Heat period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of heterosis in swine breeding?

    <p>It ensures performance exceeds average parental traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does contamination in the context of swine health typically imply?

    <p>Presence of organisms without clinical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the act of giving birth in sows?

    <p>Farrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gestation best described in swine management?

    <p>It refers to the time from conception to birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false regarding boars?

    <p>Castration of boars enhances their breeding capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average gestation period for sows and gilts?

    <p>114 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method to determine sexual receptivity in sows?

    <p>Pregnancy scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common behavior indicates that a sow is ready for mating?

    <p>Acceptance of the boar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical sign seen towards the end of a sow's pregnancy?

    <p>Swelling of external genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which method is the presence of a teaser boar primarily utilized?

    <p>Detecting estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is typically observed in a sow when she is in standing heat?

    <p>Stands still with an arched back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the presence of milk in a sow before farrowing?

    <p>Indication of giving birth within 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical sign is an indicator that a sow is not in heat?

    <p>Does not stand still when ridden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically influence the detection of pregnancy in sows?

    <p>Riding behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key behavioral sign of a sow in advanced stages of pregnancy?

    <p>Presence of milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum age gilts should be bred to avoid poor growth and development?

    <p>225 days old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of estrus in swine?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which requirement is essential for the accreditation of a swine breeder farm?

    <p>Facilities for performance testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the estrous cycle in sows?

    <p>18 to 24 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases must a farm have appropriate prevention programs for accreditation?

    <p>Foot and mouth disease (FMD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT influence the duration of the estrous cycle in swine?

    <p>Feeding regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum weight for gilts before breeding?

    <p>120-130 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic behavior indicates a sow is in full estrus?

    <p>Willingness to be mounted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a farm maintain to be certified as brucellosis- and leptospirosis-free?

    <p>Sustained vaccination and prevention measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be documented to meet the accreditation criteria for swine farms?

    <p>Records of pedigree and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of pelleting animal feed?

    <p>Improves physical nature and digestibility of bulky feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a key focus when providing nutrition to pregnant sows?

    <p>Limiting energy intake to maintenance requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of increased dietary fat before farrowing?

    <p>Increases milk fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary approach helps prevent constipation in pregnant sows?

    <p>Incorporating high rice or wheat bran before farrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much maternal weight gain is typically aimed for during pregnancy?

    <p>25 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gradually increasing feed for lactating sows?

    <p>Promotes optimal nutrient intake during lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of gestating sows becoming too fat?

    <p>Higher chance of reproductive issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feeding practice should be avoided on the farrowing day?

    <p>Feeding sows at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of grinding feed in swine nutrition?

    <p>Facilitates mixing palatable and unpalatable feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect regarding the maintenance requirements of sows?

    <p>They increase with body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended sperm concentration for optimal reproductive results during the summer months?

    <p>6 billion sperm per dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of normal sperm cells should be present in a semen sample?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal storage temperature for extended semen?

    <p>16 °C - 17 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the motility percentage of sperm cells be for adequate fertility?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What step should be taken before artificially inseminating a sow or gilt?

    <p>Bathe the sow/gilt, especially around the vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of a clean ejaculate?

    <p>No odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is dilution important during semen processing?

    <p>To provide a favorable medium for sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sperm cell abnormalities is acceptable in a semen sample?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of jelly should be used to lubricate the catheter for insemination?

    <p>Non-spermicidal jelly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after processing should the extended semen ideally be used for artificial insemination?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the behaviors typically observed in a sow that is in heat?

    <p>Active restlessness and seeks the boar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a typical sow stay in heat?

    <p>2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of early pregnancy detection in sows?

    <p>Identifies non-pregnant sows for culling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in sows?

    <p>Blood test for hormonal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is observed in the vulva of a sow in heat?

    <p>Red, swollen with little mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a sow is not in heat compared to one that is?

    <p>Calm and allows mounting by other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes natural mating in swine?

    <p>Involves bringing a boar to a sow and separating them after mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

    <p>Allows for early identification of breeding issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the behavior of a sow that is in heat differ from one that is not?

    <p>A sow in heat is more social, mounting others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign that might indicate a breeding problem?

    <p>Non-pregnant sows wasting feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized in designing a pig house to ensure the well-being of the animals?

    <p>Protecting animals from direct sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is recommended for breeding pigs to enhance reproductive efficiency?

    <p>Feeding them high-energy diets before breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when formulating diets for grower and finisher pigs?

    <p>Meeting the energy and amino acid requirements based on growth stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roofing material is preferred to effectively manage heat in pig houses?

    <p>Light-colored galvanized iron sheets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when preparing a boar for mating?

    <p>Feeding boars shortly before mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the customer satisfaction feedback form?

    <p>To evaluate service quality and improvement areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What section is NOT included in the rating options of the feedback form?

    <p>Staff professionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is a measure taken to assess the feedback on publications?

    <p>Evaluating content usefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which section of the feedback form would customers rate the 'Response & delivery time'?

    <p>Service Attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback is specifically sought for improving PCAARRD's services?

    <p>Specific comments and suggestions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic information is NOT requested from the respondents in the feedback form?

    <p>Income Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upon completion, to what address should the feedback form be mailed?

    <p>Paseo de Valmayor, Timugan, 4030 Los Banos, Laguna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of response is indicated for the feedback form?

    <p>Mailing back the form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the value of live hog production in the Philippines in 2002?

    <p>P 86.72 B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly contributes to the increasing demand for pork in the Philippines?

    <p>Increased per capita consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the high production costs of pork in the Philippines?

    <p>No import tariffs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total pork supply was imported in 2002?

    <p>1.89%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the volume of live hogs produced in the Philippines in 1993?

    <p>1.1 M t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agreement requires the Philippines to open its market to imported products?

    <p>General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Philippine pork industry considered not competitive as an exporter?

    <p>High production costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total pork supply was constituted by imported pork in 1993?

    <p>0.05%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average annual growth rate of live hog production from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>4.24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of use constitutes the majority of total pork supply in the Philippines?

    <p>Fresh meat for domestic consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the number of pigs born in one farrowing?

    <p>Litter size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of an organism to cause damage or disease?

    <p>Pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is a young pig typically considered a weanling?

    <p>30-90 days old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'morbidity' refer to in the context of animal health?

    <p>The number of affected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a mature female pig that has given birth?

    <p>Sow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a terminal sire in swine breeding?

    <p>To generate slaughter pigs through crossbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average per capita pork consumption in the Philippines as of 2002?

    <p>16.88 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of triple cross pigs?

    <p>Result from a two-breed crossbred sow and a terminal sire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total population of pigs did small farm units represent in 2002?

    <p>76.68%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flooring is commonly recommended for the creep area in pig housing?

    <p>Plastic-coated wire mesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed MOST to the increase in swine population from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>Entry of new industry players</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In swine production, what is the purpose of using slatted floors?

    <p>To maintain hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total volume of pork supply in the Philippines in 1993?

    <p>881,363 t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What growth rate was observed for imported pork from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>39.42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum pen size recommended for growing-finishing pigs weighing from 30 to 60 kg?

    <p>0.60-0.70 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the change in the proportion of pigs in large commercial farms from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>Increased from 16.23% to 23.32%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which partition wall material is suggested for conventional pig pens?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average annual growth rate of total pork supply in the Philippines between 1993 and 2002?

    <p>4.29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key environmental concern associated with swine waste management?

    <p>Water quality degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the increase in pork supply from local sources from 1993 to 2002 in terms of total weight?

    <p>354,377.80 t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant strength of the local swine industry?

    <p>Stable and increasing pig population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which weakness is identified in the local swine industry?

    <p>Heavy dependence on imported feed ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition best explains the local swine industry's capability to remain competitive?

    <p>Increased pork supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the increase in the supply of pork importation from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>Increased demand for pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What opportunity exists for the local swine industry?

    <p>Improved feed efficiency and dressing percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which threat could potentially affect the local swine industry's pricing?

    <p>Increasing control of traders and butchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much percentage did total pork supply in the Philippines increase from 1993 to 2002?

    <p>52.23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for optimizing swine reproduction according to the content?

    <p>Selection of breeding animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external factor poses a sustainability threat to the local swine industry?

    <p>Flooding of cheap pork from imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the local swine industry benefit from the Swine Breeder Farm Accreditation Program?

    <p>Improved certainty in certified breeder pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary drawback identified in the local swine production?

    <p>Inefficient market information services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is highlighted as influencing pig production costs in the Philippines?

    <p>High costs of feeds and production inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the swine industry reflects a growing potential market?

    <p>Increasing demand with growing population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for selecting a breed that is common in the local community?

    <p>To adapt better to local conditions and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age to start selecting potential breeding animals?

    <p>2-3 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are crossbreds or upgraded animals preferred for breeding?

    <p>They are less sensitive to requirements for care and feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is commonly emphasized in selecting boars for breeding?

    <p>Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered regarding consumer preference before starting a pig production business?

    <p>Market demand for lean pork over fatty pork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly influences the performance of a pig?

    <p>The interactions between genetics and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should final selection of breeding animals typically be made?

    <p>5-6 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended basis for selecting pigs?

    <p>Mature body weight at 12 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are reliable production records important in selecting pigs for breeding?

    <p>They indicate the potential performance of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of evaluating pigs for breeding at a young age?

    <p>It allows time for observing growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Philippine Swine Industry

    • Pork is a critical part of the Philippine diet, with growing population and per capita consumption driving increasing demand
    • Importation of pork is on the rise, indicating that local production struggles to meet the growing demand

    Swine Breeds

    • The Philippine Native Pig is a local breed
    • Large White (Yorkshire), Landrace, Duroc, and Pietrain are popular imported breeds
    • Hybrids, resulting from crossbreeding, are commonly utilized for their combined traits

    Breeding Systems

    • Purebreeding involves mating animals of the same breed to preserve specific traits
    • Crossbreeding combines different breeds to harness desirable traits from each breed
    • Inbreeding, mating closely related animals, can result in increased genetic uniformity but can also lead to negative health outcomes

    Reproduction Management

    • Pregnancy detection is crucial for effective herd management, allowing for early identification of non-pregnant sows and efficient planning
    • Natural mating involves bringing male and female animals together for mating, while artificial insemination allows for controlled breeding

    Nutrition and Feeding

    • Proper nutrition is essential for healthy growth, reproduction, and overall pig health
    • Pigs require a balanced diet with sufficient nutrients for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation
    • Minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and trace elements, play a crucial role in various physiological functions
    • Vitamins, classified as fat-soluble and water-soluble, are essential for optimal growth and metabolism
    • Feed additives, like antimicrobial agents and enzymes, can enhance growth performance and health, but use must be carefully monitored for potential drawbacks

    Housing and Equipment

    • Proper housing and ventilation are critical for swine health and comfort
    • Housing systems often utilize different units to accommodate different stages of pig development, including pregestation, gestation, farrowing, and growing-finishing units

    Waste Management

    • Swine waste management is essential for environmental sustainability and public health
    • Strategies focus on source reduction through operational procedures, technology, infrastructure, and farm inputs
    • Re-use and recycling of swine waste is encouraged as fertilizer, feed, and energy source
    • Treatment and disposal of waste are crucial to minimize environmental impact and prevent disease spread
    • Odor control is essential to prevent nuisance and ensure community well-being

    Herd Management

    • Effective herd management programs focus on setting clear objectives, monitoring performance, and establishing targets
    • Careful care for boars, sows, and piglets at various stages is crucial for successful pig production
    • Maintaining accurate records on health, breeding, and production is key for informed decisions

    Herd Health Management

    • Biosecurity measures are essential to prevent disease outbreaks and maintain a healthy herd
    • Understanding the various causes of diseases, including animal-related, environmental, non-infectious, and infectious factors, is crucial for prevention and treatment
    • Effective preventive measures include biosecurity protocols and vaccination programs
    • Common post-farrowing issues, such as vulvar discharge, mastitis, agalactia, diarrhea, and pneumonia, require prompt attention and treatment

    Marketing and Economics

    • Cost-return analysis helps determine the profitability of pig production and identify areas for improvement

    Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)

    • PCAARRD was established on June 22, 2011
    • PCAARRD is committed to advancing and fostering partnerships and reinforcing the culture of relevance, excellence, and cooperation.
    • Consumers are demanding leaner meat with less fat
    • Consumers are demanding pork produced with minimal antibiotics
    • Consumers are demanding fresh and fresh-chilled pork

    Heat Detection

    • There are several methods of determining the right time to breed sows and gilts.
    • The most accurate way to determine when a sow is in heat is if she accepts the boar.
    • Signs of pregnancy include a cessation of the estrus cycle, a good appetite, and an enlarged abdomen.

    Artificial Insemination (AI)

    • AI is a practical and efficient method of carrying out genetic improvement in swine.
    • AI is dependent on the genetic superiority of the boar.
    • Some of the advantages of AI include:
      • Increased number of sows that can be serviced
      • Reduced injuries from mating
      • Control of sexually transmitted diseases
      • Allows smaller raisers to keep fewer sows
      • Allows for economical use of performance-tested boars
      • Provides access for breeding distantly located females.

    The AI Process

    • The use of AI involves training boars and collecting, evaluating, processing, and storing their semen..
    • Boar training normally starts at 6 ½-7 months of age.

    The Philippine Swine Industry

    • The swine industry adapts to consumer preferences, environmental concerns, and production practices.
    • Consumers are increasingly demanding lean meat with less fat.
    • Consumers desire pork raised with minimal antibiotic use.
    • Pork is marketed in its fresh and fresh-chilled form.
    • Consumers in the Philippines purchase various cuts and parts of pigs, including feet, head, ears, tails, and offal, for use in culinary dishes.

    Selection, Breeds, and Breeding

    • Boars should exhibit masculine traits, well-developed testicles, strong constitution, high libido, and controlled temperament.
    • Boars should have strong pasterns, a strong back, and a long body for successful mounting.
    • Boars should not have physical and hereditary defects like hernias, undescended testes, and blind or inverted teats.
    • Boars should possess good muscle development, minimal backfat, and meet specific growth and feed efficiency criteria.
    • Gilts should have a good temperament, smooth appearance, at least six pairs of prominent teats, a long body, strong legs, and minimal backfat.

    Reproduction

    • The gestation period for swine is approximately 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days).
    • Signs of pregnancy include cessation of the estrous cycle, increased appetite, weight gain, enlargement of the abdomen, and swelling of the external genitalia.
    • Signs of imminent farrowing include nervousness, restlessness, distended mammary glands, presence of milk, and nest-building behavior in sows.
    • Heat detection techniques include the back pressure test, riding-the-back test, semen-on-snout test, teaser boar method, and examination of external signs.

    Swine Industry Research and Development Foundation

    • The Philippine Swine Industry Research and Development Foundation was founded by Menandro M. Maleon
    • The foundation includes various experts from different research institutions and companies

    Glossary of Terms

    • Boar: A male pig of any age, usually intended for breeding
    • Castration: The removal of the testes from a male pig.
    • Colostrum: A nutrient-rich fluid secreted by sows after giving birth, providing vital antibodies for piglets.
    • Conception: The fertilization of an egg.
    • Contamination: The presence of microorganisms in a pig's body without causing clinical signs of disease
    • Estrus: The period of sexual receptivity in a female pig, also known as "heat."
    • Farrowing: The act of giving birth in sows.
    • Gestation: The pregnancy period from conception to birth.
    • Gilt: A young female pig under one year of age that has not yet given birth.
    • Heterosis: Improved vigor and performance in crossbred animals compared to their parent breeds.

    Unproductive and Undesirable Animals

    • Boars: Those with difficulties mounting, poor semen quality, temperamental behavior, inability to breed, and positive results for diseases like brucellosis, leptospirosis, or pseudorabies should be removed from the herd.
    • Gilts: Animals that do not settle after two matings with a proven sire, do not cycle after ten months of age, and have unsound physical characteristics should be culled.
    • Sows: Culling should occur for poor litter size, failure to breed 30 days after weaning, poor maternal instinct, failing to wean at least 8 healthy piglets, and testing positive for infectious diseases.

    Common Breeds of Swine in the Philippines

    • Philippine Native Pig: Typically small, black or black and white, with good mothering abilities and an adaptation to local conditions.
    • Large White: White breed with good mothering abilities, large litter sizes, and sturdy legs. Known for thicker backfat compared to other breeds.
    • Landrace: White breed with long bodies, large drooping ears, and a long snout. Known for mothering ability and prolificacy, but with weak hind legs.
    • Duroc: Reddish-brown breed known for its fast growth rate, efficient feed conversion, good muscle quality, and resistance to stress.
    • Pietrain: Black and white spotted, well-muscled breed with thin backfat, but weak hind legs and susceptibility to stress.

    Artificial Insemination (AI)

    • Sperm quality is assessed for concentration, motility, and morphology.
    • Semen is processed and diluted to preserve its potency for a period of time, maximizing the use of one ejaculate for multiple females.
    • Artificial insemination allows precise timing for optimal conception and breeding results in swine.
    • The ideal temperature for storing extended semen is 16°C - 17°C.
    • Handling and transporting semen requires maintaining proper temperatures to ensure sperm viability.
    • Inseminating sows/gilts involves cleaning the sow, lubricating the catheter, and carefully inserting it.
    • The stages of the estrous cycle determine the appropriate timing for insemination.

    Management of Boars for Breeding

    • A boar should be at least eight months old, weigh 120-130 kg (with controlled feeding), be able to mount females, and produce high-quality semen for breeding.
    • Boars should be purchased 6-8 weeks before breeding to allow for selection and assessment.
    • Transporting newly purchased boars requires care to minimize stress, injury, and diseases that can affect fertility for up to 6-8 weeks.
    • Achieving high farrowing rates with large litters is a primary goal of swine breeding programs.
    • Good boar management practices before, during, and after the breeding season are crucial for farm performance targets.

    Puberty in Boars

    • Puberty occurs when free spermatozoa are present in the semen.
    • Boys reach puberty around 4-6 months.
    • A boar is deemed ready for breeding at approximately eight months old when he reaches a specific weight, can mount, and produces high-quality semen.

    Swine Breeding Age

    • Swine reach sexual maturity around five months, but breeding at this stage can hinder growth and development.
    • Gilts should ideally be bred at least 225 days old (7.5 months), weighing around 120-130 kg, and after completing at least two estrous cycles.
    • Young gilts bred before meeting these criteria may produce smaller litters and exhibit poor maternal instincts.

    Estrus in Swine

    • The estrous cycle in sows and mature gilts lasts 18 to 24 days, with an average of 21 days.
    • The estrus or heat period itself lasts 2 to 5 days and can vary depending on the breed.
    • Signs of estrus include:
      • Swelling and reddening of the vulva
      • Thick mucous discharge from the vagina
      • Mounting behavior towards other animals
      • Restlessness, frequent movement, and grunting
      • Reduced appetite
      • Frequent urination with small amounts of urine
      • Difficulty maneuvering in the presence of a boar
      • Reactions to the mating sounds of boars

    Techniques for Heat Detection

    • Accurate heat detection is crucial for proper breeding timing.
    • The most reliable method involves observing the sow's acceptance of the boar.
    • Methods for heat detection include:
      • Back pressure test
      • Riding-the-back test
      • Semen-on-snout test
      • Teaser boar method
      • Examination of external signs of estrus and records

    Pregnancy in Swine

    • The gestation period in sows and gilts ranges from 110 to 119 days, with an average of 114 days.
    • Signs of pregnancy include:
      • Cessation of the estrous cycle
      • Increased appetite and rapid weight gain
      • Gradual enlargement of the abdomen
    • Advanced stage pregnancy signs include:
      • Swelling and reddening of external genitalia
      • Restlessness and nervousness
      • Distended mammary glands
      • Presence of milk indicating farrowing within 24 hours
      • Nest building in pasture-raised sows

    Nutritional Requirements for Sow Management

    • Proper nutrition for sows is essential for successful swine production.
    • Sows should be flushed with high-energy diets to encourage ovulation and maximize the number of ova released.
    • Gestating sows should be prevented from becoming excessively fat to reduce embryonic mortality.
    • Pregnant gilts and sows require extra nutrients for weight gain, production of conception products, and maternal tissue development.
    • Maintenance requirements increase with body weight but are not affected by gestation weight gain.

    Feeding Strategies for Gestating Sows

    • Restrict energy intake to cover maintenance needs and support protein and fat deposition.
    • Utilize limited feeding to optimize efficiency.
    • Offer fibrous, bulky diets to prevent excessive fat gain and constipation.
    • Include high rice or wheat bran and reduce copra meal in the diet a few days before expected farrowing to prevent constipation.
    • Soilage and drinking water help to prevent constipation.
    • Do not feed sows on the day of farrowing.
    • Increasing fat in the diet before farrowing boosts the fat content of colostrum and milk, improving piglet survival rates.

    Swine Housing Systems

    • Housing systems should match the scale of operation.
    • Small-scale operations can utilize conventional or all-purpose housing, combining multiple farm activities in a single building.
    • Medium-scale and commercial farms typically adopt the "life cycle" housing system, which promotes biosecurity and maximizes labor efficiency.
    • The life cycle system includes:
      • Pre-gestation and boar unit
      • Gestation unit
      • Farrowing and nursery unit
      • Growing-finishing unit

    Pregestation and Boar Unit Requirements

    • The breeding house should provide adequate space for mating activities.
    • Mating usually takes place in the boar's pen for safety and labor efficiency.
    • Maintain a relative humidity of 70% and a daily light cycle of 16-18 hours.
    • Provide facilities for easy access and close supervision during mating.
    • House boars individually to avoid injury and promote mating performance.
    • Bedding materials like sand, wood shavings, or rice straw can be used to address leg problems.
    • Pregnant gilts and sows can be housed individually (feeding-lying stalls) or in group pens.

    Gestation Unit Requirements

    • Newly bred and pregnant gilts and sows should be housed in individual stalls to prevent injuries, competition, and stress.

    Farrowing Unit Requirements

    • Transfer pregnant sows to the farrowing unit one week before expected farrowing.
    • House sows in elevated, slatted farrowing crates, typically confined between two tubular gates.
    • Galvanized steel pipes and plastic flooring are commonly used materials in this unit.

    Pork Production in the Philippines

    • Pork imports have increased significantly in the country, from 0.05% of the total pork supply in 1993 to 1.89% in 2002.
    • The increase in imports is driven by the gap between local production and domestic demand, which is consistently increasing due to population growth and per capita consumption.
    • The Philippines remains a leading swine producer within the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
    • The country is not yet competitive as a pork exporter due to high production costs.
    • Factors contributing to the high cost include feed, transport, handling, cold storage, shrinkage, and trading costs, all of which are higher in the Philippines compared to other ASEAN countries.

    Live Hog Production

    • From 1993 to 2002, live hog production increased consistently at an average annual growth rate of 4.24%.
    • In 1993, live hog production volume was recorded at 1.1 million metric tons (M t) valued at PHP 38.96 billion.
    • In 2002, the volume increased to 1.67 M t valued at PHP 86.72 billion at current prices.

    Pregnancy Diagnosis

    • Early pregnancy detection provides a number of advantages for the pig farm:
      • Easy identification of sows for culling or rebreeding.
      • Early warning of breeding problems due to infertile boars or cystic ovaries in sows.
      • Efficient use of breeding facilities and planning for farrowing, nursing and finishing.
      • Prevents selling of pregnant sows.

    Mating Systems

    • Natural Mating: Involves bringing the boar to mate an "in-heat" gilt/ sow or vice versa and separating them after mating.

    Semen Collection and Evaluation

    • Semen quality is evaluated based on the following criteria:
      • Color: A normal ejaculate should be a milky white color.
      • Smell/Odor: A clean ejaculate should have little odor.
      • Microscopic:
        • Concentration: 3 billion spz/dose (100 ml) or 6 B spz during summer months.
        • Motility: At least 70% of sperm cells should show progressive movement.
        • Morphology: At least 75% of sperm cells should be normal. Sperm cell abnormalities should not exceed 25% of the count.

    Semen Processing

    • Semen is processed immediately after collection to preserve potency for a period of time.
    • Dilution allows using one ejaculate for multiple females.
    • Extenders provide nourishment and protect sperm cells from harmful microorganisms.
    • Commercially available semen extenders can be purchased for PHP 1250 - PHP 450 per 1-L pack.

    Semen Storage and Transport

    • Extended semen should be stored at an ideal temperature of 16° - 17°C.
    • Semen should be used for artificial insemination (AI) within 48 hours of storage.
    • Transportation temperatures should be carefully maintained as extreme temperatures can decrease sperm motility.

    Artificial Insemination (AI)

    • Steps:
      • Bathe the sow/gilt, paying particular attention to the vulva and surrounding areas.
      • Clean and dry hands before insemination.
      • Lubricate the catheter with non-spermicidal jelly, paraffin oil or a few drops of semen.
      • Invert the semen bottle 2-3 times to mix the semen and insert the nozzle into the end of the catheter.

    Feeding Practices

    • Grower/Finisher Pigs:
      • Feed intake adjusts according to the energy content of the diet.
      • Feed formulations must meet energy, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral requirements.
    • Breeding Pigs:
      • High-energy feeds are given before breeding to increase ovulation rate and litter size.
      • Boars should not be fed shortly before mating to avoid sluggishness.

    Housing and Equipment

    • Building Orientation:
      • Buildings should be oriented east-west to protect animals from direct sunlight.
      • Thermal comfort is important, including variables such as air temperature, air velocity, floor insulation, infrared radiation, and humidity.

    Cooling System

    • Tunnel Ventilation:
      • Blower fans with flexible ducts can be installed to improve air distribution.
    • Sprinkle Nozzle Systems:
      • Can be installed on the roof or inside the building to help alleviate high temperatures.

    Roofing

    • Materials:
      • Corrugated galvanized iron (G.I.) sheets and heat insulators are common materials.
      • The outer surface should be light-colored to reflect sunlight, while the inner surface should be dark colored to minimize heat buildup.

    Partition Walls and Doors/Gates

    • Slatted partition walls made of round iron bars and G.I. pipes can be used.

    Swine Industry in the Philippines

    • Pork is the most consumed animal meat product in the Philippines.
    • Pork consumption in the Philippines consistently represents over 55% of total daily animal meat consumption.
    • In 2002, per capita pork consumption was estimated at 16.88 kg, representing 57.07% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos.
    • The local swine industry in the Philippines is the most organized in terms of production and distribution systems.
    • The swine population in the Philippines has been steadily increasing, particularly in commercial farms due to high demand for pork.
    • Increased demand is driven by population growth and rising per capita pork consumption.
    • The total pork supply in the Philippines is derived from local production and importation, both showing positive growth from 1993 to 2002.
    • Pork importation significantly increased during this period, growing at a faster rate than local production.
    • Increased slaughter weight of pigs is expected to improve pork dressing percentage and reduce drip loss.

    Swine Breeding Selection

    • Choosing breeding animals is crucial for maximizing production and reproductive traits.
    • Breed selection should consider local conditions, finding breeds that perform well in the specific environment.
    • Crossbreds and upgraded animals offer greater adaptability and resilience compared to purebreds.
    • Buyers often favor white pigs over colored ones, and lean pork commands higher market value.
    • Select pigs for breeding based on reliable production records, recognizing the interaction between genetics and the environment.
    • Evaluate potential breeding animals at 2-3 months old, allowing time for assessment before final selection at 5-6 months.

    Selecting Boars for Breeding

    • Boars are essential in shaping the herd's genetic makeup.
    • Select boars based on economically important traits such as average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness, and feed conversion ratio.

    Housing and Equipment

    • Farrowing crates should provide ample space with a creep area for piglets, ensuring at least 1.20 m in height with a 1.0 m door.
    • Utilize slatted flooring to maintain hygiene, constructed from materials like concrete, round bars, or plastic matting.
    • The creep area needs a sufficient heat source, like light bulbs or LPG-fired convection lamps.
    • Flooring materials for the creep area include plastic-coated wire mesh, plastic, and/or metal options.
    • Employ an "all-in, all-out" scheme for growing-finishing units, housed in conventional pens with concrete floors and partitions made of concrete, round bars, or G.I. pipes.

    Waste Management

    • Environmental concerns associated with piggeries include water quality degradation, soil depletion, air pollution, and rural-urban interface issues.
    • Various factors influence the pollution potential of swine waste.

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    Related Documents

    The Philippines Recommends for Pork Production 2014 PDF

    Description

    Explore the dynamics of the Philippine swine industry, focusing on pig breeds, breeding systems, and reproduction management. This quiz covers local and imported breeds, as well as the various techniques employed in swine production to meet the rising demand for pork.

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