Philippine Revolution: Katipunan Discovery

Discovery of the Katipunan

• Teodoro Patino, a Diario de Manila worker, revealed Katipunan secrets due to a salary dispute.
• Patino confessed to Honoria, a nun, who then confessed to Sor Teresa de Jesus.
• Sor Teresa de Jesus advised Patino to confess to Fr. Mariano Gil.
• Fr. Gil informed the Guardia Civil, leading to an investigation and mass arrests.
• This triggered the Philippine Revolution.

Father Mariano Gil's Role

• Fr. Mariano Gil was the Tondo, Manila curate.
• He played a key role in uncovering the Katipunan.
• He previously warned Spanish officials about the society but was dismissed.
• After Patino's confession, Gil assisted authorities in finding evidence.
• His actions directly initiated mass arrests and fueled the revolution.

Katipunan's Response to Discovery

• The discovery of the Katipunan, on August 19, 1896, prompted Andrés Bonifacio to call for armed rebellion.
• On August 23, 1896, Katipuneros tore their cedulas (residence certificates) during the "Cry of Balintawak."
• This symbolized rejection of Spanish rule and initiated the Philippine Revolution.
• This marked the start of armed resistance across Luzon.

Tandang Sora's Role

• Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino), an 84-year-old woman, played a crucial support role.
• She provided shelter, assistance, and resources for the revolutionaries.
• Her home acted as a vital meeting place.
• She offered food, medical care, and advice.
• Despite arrest, she refused to reveal Katipunan leaders' whereabouts.
• She was exiled to Guam but returned in 1903.

Cry of Pugad Lawin/Balintawak

• The Cry of Pugad Lawin (or Balintawak), on August 23, 1896, marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.
• It involved Katipuneros tearing their cedulas as a symbolic act of defiance.
• The event brought Filipinos together in their fight for independence.

Goal of the 1896 Philippine Revolution

• The revolution aimed at achieving Philippine independence from Spain.
• Capturing Manila was a specific objective.
• The revolution aimed to inspire a broader movement for freedom in the Philippines.

Battle of Pinaglabanan

• This battle on August 30, 1896, was an early significant engagement.
• Katipuneros aimed for the El Polvorin (powder magazine).
• Despite initial success, they were defeated by superior Spanish forces.
• Around 150 fatalities and over 200 captures occurred.

Initial Provinces Joining the Revolution

• Eight provinces initially joined the revolt: Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Tarlac.
• These regions were put under martial law at the start of the revolution.

Aguinaldo's Role in Cavite

• Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipino forces to significant victories in Cavite.
• Battles such as Binakayan and Zapote Bridge showcased his strategic military leadership.
• These victories boosted the revolutionary movement and made Cavite a central stronghold.

Magdalo vs Magdiwang Factions

• Magdalo and Magdiwang were two prominent Katipunan factions in Cavite, differing in leadership (Aguinaldo vs. Alvarez).
• Magdalo favored centralized leadership, while Magdiwang advocated for local control.
• The rivalry weakened their collective efforts.

Tejeros Convention & Disagreement

• The Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897) aimed to resolve disputes between the factions.
• It aimed to establish a new government.
• Bonifacio presided, but elections were contested, leading to his dissatisfaction.

Tejeros Convention Elected Officers

• President: Emilio Aguinaldo
• Vice President: Mariano Trias
• Captain General (military): Artemio Ricarte
• Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
• Secretary of the Interior (initial): Andres Bonifacio, contested by others.

Acta de Tejeros and Naik Military Agreement

• The Acta de Tejeros (March 23, 1897) declared the Tejeros Convention elections invalid.
• The Naik Military Agreement (April 19, 1897) condemned betrayals against the revolution.

Bonifacio's Trial and Execution

• Andrés Bonifacio was executed on May 10, 1897, for treason and sedition.
• His execution resulted from pressure from military leaders.

Biak-na-Bato Republic

• Aguinaldo proclaimed the Biak-na-Bato Republic in July 1897, near Bulacan.
• It aimed for friar expulsion and representation in Spanish Cortes.
• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato (December 15, 1897) temporarily ended hostilities.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato Conditions

• Aguinaldo and associates went into exile in Hong Kong.
• Spanish government agreed to pay 800,000 Mexican pesos.
• The payment would be managed by Aguinaldo.
• Two Spanish generals were held as hostages.

This quiz explores the discovery of the Katipunan, which was a pivotal moment leading to the Philippine Revolution. It highlights the roles of key figures such as Teodoro Patino and Fr. Mariano Gil, as well as the actions taken by the Katipunan in response to this revelation. Test your knowledge on this critical chapter of Philippine history.