Philippine Revolution: Causes and Key Events

Philippine Revolution

Causes of the Revolution

• Economic grievances: high taxes, forced labor, and lack of representation
• Political repression: limited freedom of speech and assembly
• Social injustices: racial discrimination, unequal distribution of land
• Inspirations from European and American revolutions

Key Events

• Cry of Pugad Lawin (1896): Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan led a mass gathering in Pugad Lawin, sparking the revolution
• Battle of San Juan del Monte (1896): First major battle between Filipino revolutionaries and Spanish forces
• Tejeros Convention (1897): Katipunan leaders met to establish a new government, with Emilio Aguinaldo as president
• Biak-na-Bato Republic (1897): Short-lived republic established by Aguinaldo, with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato as its constitution
• Spanish-American War (1898): Philippines declared independence from Spain, but was ceded to the United States

Key Figures

• Andrés Bonifacio: Founder of the Katipunan, leader of the revolution
• Emilio Aguinaldo: President of the Tejeros Convention and the Biak-na-Bato Republic
• José Rizal: National hero, writer, and inspiration for the revolution

Outcomes

• Establishment of the First Philippine Republic (1899)
• Filipino independence from Spain, but eventual American colonization
• Development of a national identity and sense of self-governance

Causes of the Revolution

• Filipinos faced economic grievances, including high taxes and forced labor, which contributed to the revolution
• Political repression, such as limited freedom of speech and assembly, was another factor
• Social injustices, including racial discrimination and unequal distribution of land, also played a role
• Inspirations from European and American revolutions, such as the French Revolution, influenced the Philippine Revolution

Key Events

• The Cry of Pugad Lawin (1896) sparked the revolution, led by Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan
• The Battle of San Juan del Monte (1896) was the first major battle between Filipino revolutionaries and Spanish forces
• The Tejeros Convention (1897) established a new government, with Emilio Aguinaldo as president
• The Biak-na-Bato Republic (1897) was a short-lived republic established by Aguinaldo, with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato as its constitution
• The Spanish-American War (1898) led to the Philippines being ceded to the United States, despite declaring independence from Spain

Key Figures

• Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan and led the revolution
• Emilio Aguinaldo was president of the Tejeros Convention and the Biak-na-Bato Republic
• José Rizal was a national hero, writer, and inspiration for the revolution

Outcomes

• The First Philippine Republic was established in 1899
• Filipinos gained independence from Spain, but were eventually colonized by the United States
• A national identity and sense of self-governance developed as a result of the revolution

Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)

Causes of the Revolution

• The economic burden of Spanish colonial rule contributed to the revolution.
• Restrictive social and political policies imposed by the Spanish fueled the desire for independence.
• Growing nationalism and desire for independence led to the revolution.
• The influence of liberal ideas from Europe and America inspired the revolution.

Key Events

• The Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896) marked the beginning of the armed revolution against Spanish colonial rule, led by Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan society.
• The Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896) resulted in a Spanish defeat, a significant early victory for the revolutionaries.
• The Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897) led to the election of Emilio Aguinaldo as president of the revolutionary government, replacing Bonifacio.
• The Biak-na-Bato Pact (December 14, 1897) established a truce between Aguinaldo and the Spanish government, resulting in the exile of revolutionaries in Hong Kong.

Key Figures

• Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan and led the revolution until his death in 1897.
• Emilio Aguinaldo led the revolution after Bonifacio's death and became the first president of the First Philippine Republic.
• José Rizal, a national hero, inspired the revolution, although he was not directly involved.

Impact of the Revolution

• The revolution led to the establishment of the First Philippine Republic (1899-1901).
• It inspired future nationalist movements in the Philippines.
• Ultimately, the revolution contributed to the country's independence from Spanish colonial rule.