Philippine Literature Under Martial Law
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Questions and Answers

What year did Ferdinand Marcos officially declare martial law in the Philippines?

  • 1972 (correct)
  • 1971
  • 1970
  • 1973

What significant event occurred between 1970 and 1972 in the Philippines?

  • Increased youth activism (correct)
  • The rise of dictatorship
  • The start of martial law
  • The declaration of independence

What was the main reason for the oppression of writers during martial law?

  • A shift to digital publishing
  • Growing popularity of foreign media
  • Lack of interest in literature
  • Fear of political dissent (correct)

Which letter of instruction did Marcos issue to take control over mass media?

<p>Letter of Instruction No. 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Department of Public Information's Order No. 1 require from news media outlets?

<p>To assist the martial regime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements captures a view during Marcos's regime?

<p>Opinions on the era were mixed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did youth activism surge from 1970 to 1972?

<p>Awareness of societal issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary effect of Marcos's declaration of martial law on media?

<p>Tight control and censorship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary theme of Jose 'Pete' Lacaba's poem 'Prometheus Unbound'?

<p>Protest against dictatorship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hidden message can be found by reading the first letter of each line in 'Prometheus Unbound'?

<p>MARCOS HITLER DIKTADOR TUTA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pen name did Jose 'Pete' Lacaba use to publish 'Prometheus Unbound'?

<p>Ruben Cuevas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary movement does Jose 'Pete' Lacaba's work belong to?

<p>Proletarian Literature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of protest literature?

<p>To express and effect social change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Proletarian Literature' primarily refer to?

<p>Literature highlighting social injustices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following works deals specifically with the struggle of the peasantry against powerful landlords?

<p>Luha ng Buwaya (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motif is expressed in the lines 'Hold fast to the gift of fire!' and 'Thrust of the spark that burns' in 'Prometheus Unbound'?

<p>Hope and freedom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theme is explored in 'Mga Ibong Mandaragit'?

<p>The dominion of American industry over Filipinos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Jose 'Pete' Lacaba suggest about the working-class literature represented by Arturo B. Rotor?

<p>It should also address social injustices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is identified as a poet and social activist in the content?

<p>Amado Hernandez (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'Prometheus Unbound', which image is used to symbolize oppression?

<p>A vulture on a rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided poem segment, what does the speaker express a connection to?

<p>The elements of earth, wind, and sea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotion is primarily conveyed by the speaker in the poem regarding death?

<p>Resistance and defiance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary device is primarily used in the phrase 'the flaming sword of love'?

<p>Metaphor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social issue does Amado Hernandez's work aims to highlight?

<p>Labor rights and social justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does martial law literature play in relation to the oppressive regime in the Philippines?

<p>It serves as a historical record of the time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does martial law literature inspire future generations?

<p>By motivating activism and defending democracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experience of writing against the government during martial law highlight?

<p>The dangers of political oppression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant theme does Philippine literature from the martial law era emphasize?

<p>The critical nature of freedom of speech. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the martial law period as reflected in literature?

<p>A preservation of the memory of atrocities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did literature play during martial law in the Philippines?

<p>It documented the struggles and abuses faced by the Filipino people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alternative literary forms emerged due to the martial law period?

<p>Protest poetry and underground publications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the challenges martial law writers faced?

<p>Censorship, imprisonment, and harassment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did martial law literature impact Filipino national identity?

<p>It strengthened national identity by showcasing resilience and courage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the positive contributions of martial law literature?

<p>It helped preserve the memory of atrocities committed during martial law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of censorship during the martial law period on martial law writers?

<p>It made it difficult to publish works and reach audiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did literature mobilize Filipinos against the Marcos regime?

<p>By raising awareness of human rights abuses and inspiring protests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does literature from the martial law era contribute to historical understanding?

<p>It documents experiences of ordinary Filipinos during a time of repression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of proletarian literature?

<p>The struggles and lives of the working class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary work is cited as an example of circumvention literature?

<p>Sister Stella L. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following themes is explored in the novel Dekada '70?

<p>Sexual abuse and poverty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bienvenido Lumbera refer to as 'the literature of circumvention'?

<p>Artistic expression of truth despite oppression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the story 'We or They' that portrays a grave social issue?

<p>Hernando Ocampo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event was the backdrop for the emergence of circumvention literature?

<p>The Martial Law period from 1972 to 1983 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common theme is present in the literary works of Lualhati Bautista?

<p>Political oppression and social injustice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does the novel Gapo address?

<p>The experiences of political prisoners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Martial Law in the Philippines

A period of authoritarian rule in the Philippines, declared by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972, marked by suppression of freedom of speech, media, and human rights.

Proclamation No. 1081

The official declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

Letter of Instruction No. 1

A crucial document issued by President Marcos on September 22, 1972, seizing control over mass media outlets.

Department Order No. 1

A policy from the Department of Public Information on September 25, 1972, guiding news media to support the Martial Law regime.

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Suppression of Media During Martial Law

Marcos's regime restricted freedom of speech and the press during his martial law presidency. This involved controlling newspapers, magazines, and other mass media.

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Youth Activism (1970-1972)

A period of increased youth involvement in social and political issues in the Philippines. This activism was largely driven by societal ills and global events.

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Impact on Philippine Literature during Martial Law

The declaration of Martial Law negatively affected Philippine literature by stifling creativity and suppressing freedom of expression.

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Protest Literature

Literature that expresses disapproval or disagreement with the government, current political, social, or/and economic conditions.

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Social Realism

A literary style that portrays social truths, emphasizing everyday life and the disparities between social classes.

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Luha ng Buwaya (1963)

A novel about the conflict between peasants and powerful landowners.

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Mga Ibong Mandaragit (1969)

A novel about the dominance of Filipino people by American industry.

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Amado Hernandez

A Filipino poet, union leader, and social activist, known for his writing promoting social change through literary works.

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Lualhati Bautista

A Filipino writer, known for her novel 'Dekada '70', reflecting the issues of that time.

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Revolutionary Works

Literature that aims to create social change through honest narration of society and real issues.

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Poem about death and resistance

A poem expressing themes of defiance against death, fueled by a spirit of resistance and love.

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Proletarian Literature

Literary works by working-class authors about the working class, often highlighting their experiences and struggles.

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Proletarian Literature

Literature created by communist, socialist, and anarchist authors, focusing on the lives of the poor.

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Circumvention Literature

Literary works expressing social and political transgression using metaphors, allegories, symbols, etc.

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"Prometheus Unbound" Poem

A poem by Jose "Pete" Lacaba, written as protest against the Marcos dictatorship.

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Ruben Cuevas

The pen name used by Jose "Pete" Lacaba for the poem "Prometheus Unbound."

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Dekada '70

Novel following a middle-class Filipino family during Martial Law, exploring themes like political oppression, social injustice, and freedom.

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Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa?

Novel about a Filipino teenage girl's pregnancy which explores themes of sexual abuse, poverty, and patriarchal society's challenges.

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Focus Magazine

The publication that published "Prometheus Unbound" in 1973.

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Proletarian Literature's Representation

Some Proletarian Literature tended to focus on the positive aspects of the country, such as scenery, but should also highlight social injustices.

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GAPO

Novel about political prisoners, exploring themes of torture, resilience, and the strength of individuals.

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Hernando Ocampo

A visual artist, formerly a writer known for stories like "We or They", depicting peasants' struggles.

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Jose "Pete" Lacaba

Author of "Prometheus Unbound", a protest poem against the Marcos dictatorship.

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Hidden Message in "Prometheus Unbound"

The first letter of each line spells out "MARCOS HITLER DIKTADOR TUTA", suggesting a critique of the leaders.

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Martial Law Literature's Role

Martial law literature acts as a historical record of the period's political and social dynamics. It also inspires activism and resistance.

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Literary Resistance

Literature can be a way to fight against authoritarian rule, even in times of oppression.

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Historical Record

Literature from a period, like martial law, provides valuable insights into the time's events and societal issues.

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Activism in Literature

Martial law-era writings inspire current and future generations to advocate for democracy and human rights.

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Literature and Awareness

Literature during martial law helped raise awareness about social and political injustices, pushing people to challenge the authorities.

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Martial Law Literature

Literature produced during the Marcos martial law period in the Philippines, often used to document abuses, promote resistance, and raise awareness.

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Alternative Literary Forms

New forms of literature, like protest poetry and underground publications, that emerged during martial law to circumvent censorship.

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Censorship

Government control and restriction of information and expression, during martial law.

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Political Repression

Suppression and control of political opposition

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Human Rights Abuses

Violations of basic human rights, such as freedom of speech and assembly, often seen under authoritarian regimes.

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Writ of Habeas Corpus

A legal protection that prevents unlawful imprisonment.

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Positive Impacts of Martial Law Literature

Raising awareness about human rights and promoting social justice. Also documenting experiences and strengthening national identity.

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Negative Impacts of Martial Law on Literature

Government control over media, censorship, imprisonment, and harassment of writers hindered free expression.

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Study Notes

Philippine Literature Under Martial Law

  • Literature is a collection of written works, interpreting thoughts, opinions, and emotions.
  • Literature has existed since the invention of writing, playing a key role in lives.
  • Activism in the Philippines spanned 1970-1972, with youth involvement in social and political matters.
  • Pociano Pineda attributes youth activism to domestic and worldwide causes, seeking societal reforms.
  • Proclamation No. 1081 led to Ferdinand E. Marcos declaring martial law on September 21, 1972.
  • Marcos's strong, ambitious character and political stances caused significant change to the lives of 44 million Filipinos.
  • Martial law stifled writers' creativity, suppressing freedom of speech and media.
  • Some viewed Marcos's reign as a golden age, whilst others saw it as the Philippines' darkest period. The silencing of media was acknowledged by all during that time.
  • Letter of Instruction No. 1 (September 22, 1972) gave Marcos control over newspapers, magazines, radios, books, and televisions. This restricted any critical expression.
  • Department of Public Information Dept Order No. 1 (September 25, 1972) prohibited any critique of the Marcos regime in news media.
  • Martial law silenced writers, preventing expression of previous commitments in literature.
  • Writers found new modes of expression, writing under pen names to convey their feelings despite the restrictions. "Prometheus Unbound" by Jose "Pete" Lacaba used coded language to criticize Marcos, publishing in opposition to the regime.
  • Literary genres such as Prison Literature, Protest Literature, Proletarian Literature, and Circumvention Literature emerged.
  • Prison Literature documented experiences of writers incarcerated during martial law, encompassing work by political dissidents, and those arrested by the government.
  • Protest Literature expressed discontent with the government, concerning social, political, and economic circumstances during that period. A notable example was Lualhati Bautista's Dekada '70.
  • Social Realism aimed at social change by depicting daily life, current events, and social disparities. Some works by Amado Hernandez, and Luha ng Buwaya, and Mga Ibong Mandaragit, exemplified this movement.

Literary Works During the Martial Law

  • Diverse forms of literature appeared, including prison writing, protest literature, proletarian literature, and circumvention. Writers often used these genres to criticize the government.

Notable Authors Under Martial Law

  • These authors' works reflected the challenges, struggles, and spirit of the time.
    • Important figures and their works were noted for their influence.

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Description

Explore the impact of martial law on Philippine literature and the role of youth activism during the 1970s. This quiz covers significant events, the suppression of creativity, and contrasting perspectives on Ferdinand E. Marcos's regime. Test your knowledge on how literature reflected the sociopolitical climate of the Philippines during this tumultuous period.

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