Philippine History under Spanish Rule

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Questions and Answers

What significant event prompted Spain to grant representation to its overseas colonies in the Cortes?

The Spanish-American War

The Filipino Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

The Napoleonic Invasion (correct)

Who was the first Philippine delegate to take part in the Spanish Cortes?

Ventura De Los Reyes (correct)

Andres Bonifacio

Emilio Aguinaldo

José Rizal

Which of the following is NOT listed as an evil caused by Spanish misrule during Rizal's time?

Human rights denied to Filipinos

Instability of colonial administration

Corrupt officialdom

Economic prosperity (correct)

What was one of the achievements of Delegate De Los Reyes during his time in the Cortes?

The abolition of Galleon trade Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the Philippines experience its first representation in the Spanish Cortes?

1810-1813 Signup and view all the answers

Which constitution was extended to the Philippines during the first period of representation in the Cortes?

Constitution of 1812 Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the second and third periods of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes?

They were less fruitful due to ineffective delegates Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable consequence of the first period of Philippine representation in the Cortes?

Beneficial results for the welfare of the colony Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the friar curate in the local governance during the Spanish rule in the Philippines?

He managed local elections and censored books. Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevalent issue with the courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal's time?

They were corrupt and biased against brown Filipinos. Signup and view all the answers

How did social status and race influence legal outcomes in the courts during the Spanish colonial period?

Wealth and skin color were pivotal in winning cases. Signup and view all the answers

What was 'polo' and who was subjected to it?

A form of forced labor for adult Filipino males. Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the friar's influence over local governance?

Friars could greatly affect legal and political outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the treatment of brown Filipinos in the judicial system?

They had limited access and often faced unjust trials. Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of the Spanish judges and officials in the courts?

They were often corrupt and ill-informed about the law. Signup and view all the answers

What was the age range of Filipino males required to provide forced labor during the Spanish colonial era?

16-60 years old Signup and view all the answers

What was a key change introduced by the Royal Decree of July 12, 1883, regarding forced labor?

Increase of the minimum age for polistas to 18 years. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish authorities view converted Filipinos according to the content?

As inferior beings unworthy of privileges. Signup and view all the answers

Which term did Spaniards and mestizos use to derogatorily refer to Filipinos?

Indios Signup and view all the answers

What was one way wealthy Filipinos could avoid forced labor during the Spanish colonial period?

By paying a fee known as 'falla'. Signup and view all the answers

What social status did Spaniards and mestizos enjoy in the community during Rizal's time?

They universally enjoyed political and social prestige. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the main owners of haciendas in the Philippines during Rizal's time?

Spanish friars. Signup and view all the answers

What derogatory term did Filipinos use to describe Spaniards?

Bangus Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the Spanish political philosophy impacting society?

It prioritized social hierarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the average term of service for the governors general in the Philippines during the period from 1835 to 1897?

One year and three months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the colonial officials sent by Spain to the Philippines in the 19th century?

Corrupt, incompetent, and cruel Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish missionaries view the concept of brotherhood among men?

As a universal truth irrespective of race Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contradiction observed in the Spanish colonial authorities' treatment of Filipinos?

Claiming Christian brotherhood while exploiting them Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Spanish friars in the Philippines during the 19th century?

They governed through a façade of civil government Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of governance characterized the last decades of Spanish rule in the Philippines?

Corruption and elite control Signup and view all the answers

What was the perception of the Spanish colonial authorities towards the Filipino people?

They regarded them as inferior beings Signup and view all the answers

In what century did Spanish missionaries first introduce Christianity to the Philippines?

16th century Signup and view all the answers

What was the unique form of government in Hispanic Philippines known as frailocracy characterized by?

Government by friars Signup and view all the answers

What did Jose Rizal attempt to achieve in 1887 regarding agrarian issues?

Establishment of agrarian reforms Signup and view all the answers

Which group retaliated against Rizal's advocacy for agrarian reforms by increasing rental prices?

Dominican Friars Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Guardia Civil as established by the Royal Decrees?

To enforce internal peace and order Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to their counterparts in Spain, the Guardia Civil in the Philippines was known for what behavior?

Rampant abuses and maltreatment Signup and view all the answers

What incident sparked public resentment against the friars in the Philippines?

Loss of ancestral lands by locals Signup and view all the answers

What was a common complaint against the Guardia Civil regarding their treatment of locals?

Looting and violence against innocents Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between the friars and the land in the Philippines during the Spanish period?

The friars claimed ownership through royal titles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nineteenth Century Context

The Philippines experienced instability under Spanish rule
Spain granted the Philippines representation in the Spanish Cortes in 1810-1813
- The first delegate, Ventura De Los Reyes, had key contributions
  - He helped frame the 1812 Constitution, which was extended to the Philippines.
  - He also oversaw the abolition of the Galleon trade.
The 1820-1823 and 1834-1837 periods of representation were less fruitful, as the Philippine delegates lacked influence.
Despite the constitutional liberties granted to Filipinos in Spain, they were denied those same rights in the Philippines.

Colonial Administration

The Spanish colonial officials were corrupt and incompetent
- They were often cruel and used their positions for personal gain.
The Spanish colonial authorities failed to implement the Christian principle of brotherhood, regarding the Filipinos as inferior beings.

Misadministration of Justice

The courts of justice in the Philippines were corrupt and unjust
- Spanish judges, fiscals (prosecutors), and other court officials were incompetent and prone to bribery.
- Justice was slow, expensive, and biased against the Filipinos.
Wealth and racial background heavily influenced the outcome of legal cases, with white Spaniards favored.

Frailocracy

The Spanish clergy held significant power through the "frailocracy" (government by friars).
- The friars owned the best haciendas and influenced the civil government.
- They controlled education and political power, wielding significant influence over the governor-general and local officials.
- They had the power to exile or even execute anyone they deemed a threat to their authority.

Forced Labor

The "polo," a compulsory form of forced labor, was imposed on Filipino men.
- Men between the ages of 16 to 60 were required to work for 40 days per year on public works projects.
- The wealthy could avoid this labor by paying a tax called the "falla."
A Royal Decree in 1883 reduced the age requirement to 18 and the number of days of labor to 15. - However, the provision that required Spanish residents to perform forced labor was never implemented.

Hacienda System

Friars owned most of the best haciendas (agricultural lands).
- Many Filipinos became tenants on these lands, resenting the loss of their ancestral properties.
Rizal, whose family rented land, attempted to initiate agrarian reforms, but his efforts were stifled by the friars.
- The friars responded by raising the rents for his family and other Calamba tenants.

Guardia Civil

The Guardia Civil, a Spanish military force established to maintain order, became notorious for abuses.
They were known for maltreating innocent civilians, looting property, and raping women.
Both the officers and men were poorly trained and undisciplined, unlike their counterparts in Spain.

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Description

Explore the complex history of the Philippines during the Nineteenth Century under Spanish colonial rule. This quiz covers the political representation granted to Filipinos, the corruption of colonial officials, and the misadministration of justice. Test your knowledge on key events and figures that shaped this turbulent period.