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Questions and Answers
What did an inward wave of hand with the word 'Kura' signify during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines?
What was the consequence for many suspected of being part of the resistance movement during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines?
Which publication was allowed to continue during martial law in the Philippines but under strict government censorship?
What caused inflation during the war time years in the Philippines?
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Who surrendered approximately 75,000 troops at Bataan during the war in the Philippines?
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What was the destination for the 76,000 prisoners captured after the Bataan Death March during World War II?
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What was the aim of KALIBAPI when it was established?
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Who were in charge of framing a constitution for the forthcoming 'Republic' according to the text?
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When did KALIBAPI appoint a committee to nominate the members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI)?
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What was the purpose of the Comfort Stations mentioned in the text?
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Who set up a government-in-exile in the United States during the Japanese occupation?
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What was the main role of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI) according to the text?
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What event marked the beginning of the Japanese occupation in the Philippines?
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Who declared the end of American rule in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation?
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What was one of the rules imposed during martial law under General Homma?
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Which group was required to convince people that it was useless to resist Japanese rule under the Japanese occupation?
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When was the curfew lifted during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines?
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What group was responsible for arbitrary arrests and executions during martial law?
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Study Notes
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
- The Japanese occupation was marked by fear, with the word "Kura" being the most feared, as it signified disaster or summons.
- An inward wave of the hand meant "come here" and indicated danger, while an outward wave meant "dismiss" or "scram".
- Many people were executed on mere suspicion of being part of the resistance movement.
Travel Restrictions
- No one was allowed to travel without a pass from the Japanese army, a restriction that was later lifted after the fall of Corregidor.
Media and Entertainment
- Only a few newspapers, such as Taliba, La Vanguardia, Tribune, and Liwayway, were allowed to continue publication, but under strict censorship by the government.
- Many theaters switched from showing movies to stage shows.
Economy
- "Mickey Mouse money" was circulated, leading to high inflation rates.
Bataan Death March
- The combined US-Filipino army held out for three months despite lacking naval and air support.
- On April 9, 1942, US General Edward King Jr. surrendered his 75,000 troops at Bataan.
- The prisoners were forced to march 105 kilometers to the north, resulting in the Bataan Death March.
- Between April 10-15, 1942, 76,000 POWs were captured and taken to Camp O'Donnell.
Comfort Women
- According to a SCAP research report, there were 12 "houses of relaxation" (comfort stations) and 5 brothels for privates and non-commissioned officers.
Puppet Government
- Presidents Quezon and Osmeña accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later established a government-in-exile in the United States.
- General MacArthur was ordered to go to Australia, where he planned for his return to the Philippines.
KALIBAPI
- On December 2, 1942, the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas), a non-political party, was established.
- KALIBAPI's aim was to bring about the rapid reconstruction of the Philippines and the rehabilitation of the Filipino people.
- On June 18, 1943, KALIBAPI members appointed a committee to nominate the members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI).
- On June 19, 1943, KALIBAPI held a convention and "elected" 20 members of PCPI to frame a constitution for the forthcoming "Republic".
Japanese Military Forces
- Masaharu Homma, commander of the Japanese 14th Army, led the invasion of the Philippines.
- Manila was attacked on December 9, 1941, and the first Japanese contingent entered on January 2, 1942.
- General Homma declared the end of American rule in the Philippines and imposed martial law in all occupied areas.
- On January 3, 1942, General Homma issued a proclamation announcing the end of the American occupation.
- Martial law rules included the surrender of all firearms, detention camps, and restrictions on priests and public officials.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key events and rules during the period of Martial Law in the Philippines. From the strict censorship of newspapers to the limitations on travel, explore the impact of this tumultuous time in Filipino history.
