Philippine Creation Myths & Early Inhabitants
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Questions and Answers

According to the creation myth, what was the primary reason why God was initially dissatisfied with the first set of human figures?

  • The figures were underbaked and too pale.
  • The figures were overbaked and too dark. (correct)
  • The figures lacked a soul or spirit.
  • The figures were not properly shaped.

In the creation story, what is implied about the different races based on how they were created?

  • The brown race is considered the perfect creation, implying superiority. (correct)
  • All races are equal in God's eyes regardless of their creation.
  • The black race is superior due to being created first.
  • The white race is favored, because their figures required less time to bake.

What is the significance of God breathing life into the clay figures in the creation story?

  • It signifies the end of God's creative work after baking the figures.
  • It symbolizes God's satisfaction with the imperfect creations.
  • It marks the transformation of inanimate clay into living beings. (correct)
  • It represents the moment the figures become distinct races.

How does the creation account explain the origin of Filipinos in relation to other races?

<p>Filipinos originate from the perfectly baked brown clay figures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a modern interpretation of the creation myth were to emphasize equality rather than racial superiority, how might the story be reinterpreted?

<p>God intentionally created varied skin tones to celebrate diversity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of tools and a rhino skeleton in Luzon suggests what about the inhabitation of the Philippines?

<p>Humans or their relatives may have inhabited the Philippines much earlier than previously believed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic was NOT attributed to the Negritos upon their arrival in the Philippines?

<p>Advanced agricultural practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition facilitated the Negritos' migration to the Philippines?

<p>The presence of land bridges connecting the Philippines to mainland Asia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinction between the Negritos and the Indonesians, according to the migration theory?

<p>Indonesians displaced the Negritos, driving them into the mountains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new archaeological discovery revealed a settlement with evidence of both Negrito and Indonesian tools and artifacts in close proximity, what conclusion could be reasonably drawn?

<p>There may have been interaction, trade, or cohabitation between the Negritos and Indonesians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, how did the lifestyle of the Indonesians differ most from that of the Negritos upon arrival in the Philippines?

<p>Indonesians established settlements in the lowlands and displaced the Negritos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the discovery of a previously unknown Negrito settlement, displaying evidence of permanent structures and early forms of agriculture, impact existing theories?

<p>It would necessitate a reevaluation of traditional assumptions about Negrito lifestyle and societal development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If scientists were to uncover DNA evidence suggesting shared ancestry between the Negritos and a population in mainland Asia that predates 25,000 years ago, what inference could be made?

<p>The Negritos migrated to the Philippines from mainland Asia before the previously estimated timeframe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Biblical theory outlined in the text, who is believed to be the ancestor of the first settlers of the Philippines?

<p>Javan, grandson of Noah (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Migration Theory suggests that the racial makeup of Filipinos is primarily a result of what process?

<p>Waves of immigration by different groups into the Philippines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Jocano's Core Population Theory differ from the Migration Theory regarding the peopling of the Philippines and surrounding regions?

<p>It claims Filipinos migrated out of the islands to other places such as New Guinea and Australia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the 'Story of God's Creation in the Bible' and the 'Story of Evolution Made by Human Scientists' as presented in the text?

<p>They are presented as alternative explanations, each relying on different sources of evidence and methods of inquiry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from the inclusion of both scientific theories and religious stories about the origin of the Filipino people??

<p>It highlights the cultural and historical complexity surrounding the question of Filipino origins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If new fossil evidence were discovered, indicating human presence in the Philippines dating back significantly earlier than previously thought, how might this impact the presented theories?

<p>It could potentially strengthen the Core Population Theory by suggesting a longer history of human habitation and dispersal from the islands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The opening quote, 'HE WHO DOES NOT LOOK BACK TO WHERE HE CAME FROM WILL NOT KNOW WHERE HE IS GOING,' relates to the content in which way?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of understanding the diverse origins of the Filipino people to shape their future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is a valid critique of relying solely on the Biblical account to understand Filipino origins?

<p>It lacks specific details about the peopling of the Philippines and relies on broad genealogical connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities was NOT a characteristic of the early Indonesians in the Philippines?

<p>Using fire found in nature to cook their meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrival of the Malays in the Philippines is best described by which of the following statements?

<p>They migrated by sea from Southeast Asia and were more civilized than the earlier Indonesians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the Malays displacing the Indonesians from the lowlands?

<p>The Malays had a more advanced societal structure and economy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the cultural practices of the Malays based on their arrival and settlement in the Philippines?

<p>They introduced new forms of governance, arts, and technologies that shaped Filipino society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the geographical origins implied by the term 'Austronesian.' What does this suggest about the migration patterns of these people?

<p>They spread across islands, primarily originating from a southern locale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a linguist discovers a previously unknown language in a remote island and identifies it as Austronesian, what inferences can be made about the people who speak it?

<p>They are likely descendants of a group that migrated by sea from Taiwan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the migration of Austronesians contribute to the cultural and linguistic diversity of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines?

<p>They introduced new languages, traditions, and cultural practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, how might the story of the 'Maragtas' connect to the broader narrative of Philippine history?

<p>It serves as an illustrative example of Malay migration and settlement in the Philippines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Out of Taiwan' model, what was the primary catalyst for the dispersal of Austronesian-speaking people?

<p>The development of advanced agricultural techniques in Taiwan that led to population growth and subsequent migration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cultural elements provides evidence supporting the connection between Austronesian-speaking people, as suggested by the 'Out of Taiwan' model?

<p>Similarities in the construction and use of outrigger canoes for navigation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Out of Taiwan' model suggests that pre-Austronesian-speaking people migrated to Taiwan from continental Asia. Approximately when did this migration occur?

<p>Between 10,000 - 6,000 BC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period is associated with the migration to Taiwan, which is also around the time of large-scale growth of Austronesian-speaking people, according to the 'Out of Taiwan' model?

<p>Neolithic Period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine two islands, A and B, located in the Pacific. Island A has a high frequency of crab claw sails. According to the information, where is it MOST likely that Island A is located?

<p>Philippines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of legends such as 'Malakas and Maganda' in understanding Filipino origins, according to the provided text?

<p>They offer insights into the social values of the Filipino people but are not factual accounts of their origins . (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the 'Out of Taiwan' model and the information provided, how did regular sailing using technologies such as crab claw sails MOST likely affect the distribution of Austronesian languages and cultures?

<p>It played a crucial role in facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and the colonization of new territories, leading to the widespread distribution of Austronesian languages and cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher aims to find further evidence supporting the 'Out of Taiwan' model, which of the following research areas would be MOST promising?

<p>Analyzing ancient pottery shards found across Southeast Asia and the Pacific for similarities in design and materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First Filipinos

The earliest people who lived in the Philippines.

Biblical Theory

Theory stating all humans descended from Adam and Eve, and Noah's sons settled the earth.

Human Evolution Theory

The scientific explanation for the origin of humans through evolution and migration.

Migration Theory

The idea that early Filipinos descended from waves of immigrants like Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.

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Core Population Theory

The hypothesis that ancient Filipinos populated and migrated within the islands and beyond.

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F. Landa Jocano

Anthropologist who theorized about the migration of ancient Filipinos and their connections to other regions.

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Negritos

The first group of people believed to have migrated to the Philippines.

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Genetic Diversity

Variations in genetic traits among the Filipino population due to migrations over time.

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Philippines Inhabitance

Evidence suggests humans inhabited the Philippines 21,000-22,000 years ago.

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Indonesian Minority Tribes

Groups such as Apayaos, Gaddangs, and Bagobos found in the Philippines.

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Malays

A group of people who arrived in the Philippines around 2000 years ago, with advanced civilization and culture.

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Tabon Cave Findings

In 1962, a human skull cap and jaw were found in Tabon Cave, Palawan.

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Waves of Migration

Humans migrated to the Philippines in distinct waves, including Dawn Man, Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.

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Characteristics of Malays

Medium height, brown-skinned, dark eyes, flat noses, and straight hair, plus a structured society.

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Austronesians

People who migrated to the Philippines from Taiwan between 3000 and 1500 BCE, bringing languages and cultures.

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The Negritos

The first inhabitants of the Philippines; arrived via land bridges around 25,000 years ago.

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Meaning of 'Austronesian'

Derived from Latin 'auster' meaning 'south' and Greek 'nêsos' meaning 'island'.

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Negritos Characteristics

Negritos are short, dark-skinned, live without permanent homes, and rely on hunting and gathering.

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Migration of Austronesians

Traveled by sea with sails to reach the Philippines, first arriving around 2200 BCE.

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Indonesian Migration

Indonesians arrived in the Philippines by sea around 5,000 years ago.

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Austronesian Languages

Languages such as Tagalog, Javanese, and Malay that belong to the Austronesian family.

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Indonesians Characteristics

Indonesians are tall with light skin, large foreheads, and high noses, living primarily in lowlands.

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Kalinga Excavation

Archaeological dig in Kalinga revealed tools and a nearly intact rhinoceros skeleton, dating back 700,000 years.

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Cultural Contributions of Austronesians

They brought languages, traditions, and cultures that shaped Philippine society.

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Creation of Filipinos

Filipinos originated from the children of Malakas and Maganda.

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God's First Attempt

God created the first figures of people with clay, but they turned too black.

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God's Second Attempt

God made new figures, but they were undercooked and turned out white.

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God's Final Creation

The successful figures made of brown clay led to the creation of the brown-skinned Filipinos.

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Divine Breath of Life

God breathed life into the clay figures, creating humans from each color.

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Out of Taiwan model

A migration theory stating that Austronesians originated from Taiwan and migrated to the Philippines.

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Austronesian people

Groups of people in Southeast Asia, East Africa, and the Pacific who speak Austronesian languages.

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Neolithic period

A time frame from around 6,500 BCE to 3,500 BCE associated with early agricultural societies.

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Migration to Taiwan

Believed to have occurred between 10,000 - 6,000 BC involving pre-Austronesian people moving from continental Asia.

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Canoes similarities

Canoe designs shared among Austronesian-speaking peoples, reflecting their seafaring culture.

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Tattooing in Austronesian culture

A common practice among Austronesian peoples with cultural significance and identity representation.

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Malakas and Maganda

A Filipino legend about the first man (Malakas) and woman (Maganda) emerging from bamboo.

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Prehistoric art styles

Artistic expressions found in Austronesian cultures that display similarities across regions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Filipino History

  • A quote is presented: "He who does not look back to where he came from will not know where he is going."
  • This quote highlights the importance of understanding history to appreciate the present and future.

Overview of the Philippines

  • The Philippines is an archipelago comprised of 7,641 islands.
  • This number has fluctuated, with some new islands being discovered.
  • Beautiful landscapes, including mountains, volcanic lakes, coral reefs and beaches, are depicted in the images.

The Filipino People: Origins

  • Three main sources of origin are referenced:
    • The story of God's creation in the Bible.
    • The story of evolution by human scientists.
    • Legends and fairy tales.

Biblical Theory

  • The Bible describes humanity's origins from Adam and Eve.
  • After the Great Flood, Noah and his sons (Shem, Ham, and Japhet) populated the earth.
  • Noah's son Japhet had a son named Javan, whose descendants (Elishah, Tharsis, Kittim, and Rodanim) are presented as the first inhabitants of the Philippines, according to the Bible.
  • Fr. Francisco Colin, a Jesuit historian, expanded on this narrative.

Human Theory of Evolution: Migration Theory

  • The Negritos were the first people reported to inhabit the Philippines.
  • Migrations from mainland Asia took place 25,000 years ago, via land bridges.
  • Subsequent waves of migration led to racial mixing among populations.

Human Theory of Evolution: Core Population Theory

  • Ancient Filipinos already inhabited the islands.
  • They also migrated from the islands to other regions.

Jocano's Theory of Evolution and Movement

  • Anthropologist Landa Jocano believes ancient Filipinos migrated throughout the region.
  • Evidence of human presence in the Philippines is 21,000 to 22,000 years old.
  • Fossil evidence, including a skull cap and jaw from Tabon Cave in Palawan (Philippines), support this.

Waves of Migration

  • Prof. Otley Beyer's Wave Migration Theory proposes that different groups of people migrated to the Philippines in different periods.

Discovery Suggests Earlier Human Presence

  • Archaeological discoveries of tools and a rhino skeleton on Luzon point to human relatives' presence 700,000 years ago.
  • Tools and a butchered rhinoceros skeleton were unearthed in Kalinga, Luzon.

The Negritos

  • The Negritos were the earliest Filipinos, arriving from mainland Asia approximately 25,000 years ago.
  • They are described as being short, with dark skin, kinky hair, thick lips, flat noses and little clothing
  • They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants and fruits.

The Indonesians

  • Between 5,000 years ago, the Indonesians are believed to have migrated by sea to the Philippines.
  • Driven into the mountains by the Malays, the Indonesians settled in the lowlands.
  • Two types are recognized, tall and short, with variations in facial and body features.
  • They used fire for cooking; practicing hunting, fishing and agriculture.
  • Some groups still inhabit the interior parts of the country such as the Apayaos, Gaddangs, Ibanags, Kalingas, Tagbanuas, Bagobos, Manobos, Mandayas, Bukidnons, Tirurays, and Subanuns.

The Malays

  • Malay migrations arrived approximately 2,000 years ago.
  • Like the Indonesians, they sailed from Southeast Asia.
  • Their culture is more advanced than the previuos migrants with permanent settlements in larger villages, organized communities, and established trade.
  • Malay tribes inhabit various regions of the Philippines today.

Major Filipino Ethnicity

  • The majority of Filipinos today are of Malay or brown ethnicity.
  • This includes the Muslims in Mindanao, Jolo, and Palawan.
  • Additional tribes of Filipinos, like the Igorots, Ifugaos, Bontoks, and Tinggians, are present in Luzon.

The Austronesians

  • Austronesians migrated from Taiwan between 3000 and 1500 BCE.
  • They brought languages, traditions, and cultures.

What does Austronesian Mean?

  • Austronesian derives from Latin and Ancient Greek words meaning "south" and "island".

How did Austronesians Arrive?

  • Austronesians migrated by sea, using sails.
  • They reached the Batanes Islands around 2200 BCE.
  • Some groups from Indonesia and Malaysia possibly arrived even earlier.

What Languages do Austronesians Speak?

  • Tagalog (Filipino) is an Austronesian language.
  • Many other languages are included like Javanese, Indonesian, Sundanese, Malay, Cebuano, Malagasy, and Madurese.

Austronesian Migration Theory

  • The theory outlines the migration routes and approximate timelines of Austronesian expansion.

The "Out of Taiwan" Model

  • This model proposes that the settlement of the Philippines resulted from migrations of Austronesian groups.

Migration Similarities

  • Shared characteristics like languages, canoes, tattooing, houses, social customs and prehistoric art styles among migrating Polynesian populations are identified as part of the evidence supporting the migration theory.

Legends & Fairy Tales

  • Legends and fairy tales represent narratives about the first Filipinos, though these narratives are not considered factual.
  • These stories are cultural elements used to entertain, teach, and share historical knowledge.

The Story of Malakas and Maganda

  • A legend explains the origin of Filipinos through a narrative involving a bird, a split bamboo, and a man (Malakas) and a woman (Maganda), who are the ancestors of Filipinos.

Racial Superiority Myth

  • The myth of racial superiority of the brown people is debunked.
  • It's explained as a cultural story with no basis in scientific fact.

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The Philippines and Its People PDF

Description

Explore Philippine creation myths and racial origins. Analyze the creation story's implications and early inhabitants like Negritos and Indonesians. Discover archaeological findings and migration theories.

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