PHIDG 1501 Integrated Sequence 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT directly mentioned as a recommended reading source in the course syllabus?

  • Principles of Medical Biochemistry, 2nd ed.
  • The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (correct)
  • Krause’s Food and Nutrition Therapy, 12th ed.
  • Principles of Nutrition and Diet Therapy

    • What is the course name as it appears in the syllabus?

  • PHIDG 1501 - Integrated Sequence 1: Nutrients
  • Nutrients
  • PHIDG 1501 - Integrated Sequence 1 (correct)
  • Nutrition and Diet Therapy

    • What is the total amount of lecture hours allocated to the course?

  • 3 (correct)
  • 1501
  • 2
  • 12

    • Who is the instructor for PHIDG 1501 - Integrated Sequence 1?

    <p>Volkmar Weissig (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the edition of the recommended text, “Principles of Medical Biochemistry” ?

    <p>2nd ed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is the only energy source for the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the mixture of glucose and fructose, often found in honey, that results from the hydrolysis of sucrose?

    <p>Invert sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down the α-glycosidic bond in sucrose, allowing for digestion?

    <p>Sucrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to partially digested amylose, which is water-soluble and has long linear chains?

    <p>Dextrins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to undigested amylopectin, containing branching points, that withstands cooking and recrystallizes after cooling?

    <p>Resistant starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much cellulose, on average, constitutes the total plant carbon?

    <p>More than 50% of the total plant carbon is cellulose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a homopolysaccharide that is a dietary fiber?

    <p>Amylose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fiber is known for having branching points, making it more soluble than cellulose?

    <p>Beta-glucan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between chitin and chitosan?

    <p>Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units, while chitosan is a polymer of D-glucosamine units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in animals?

    <p>Impaired vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of double bonds in fatty acids?

    <p>Decrease the melting point of fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is known to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease?

    <p>Trans unsaturated fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of omega-6 fatty acid deficiency?

    <p>Reduced mental clarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurs to fatty acids during the process of partial hydrogenation?

    <p>Cis bonds are converted to trans bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of medium-chain triglycerides compared to long-chain triglycerides?

    <p>Rapid metabolism without re-esterification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes trans unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>They are produced by hydrogenation processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific health issue associated with the consumption of trans fats?

    <p>Higher blood LDL cholesterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hemicellulose?

    <p>It is a glucose polymer substituted with other sugars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding pectins?

    <p>Pectins absorb water and form gels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which represents the most concentrated source of metabolic energy?

    <p>Fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary distinction between fats and glycogen in terms of water content?

    <p>Fats are stored without bound water, unlike glycogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is considered an essential fatty acid?

    <p>Linoleic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the notation '18:2;9,12' signify in fatty acid nomenclature?

    <p>It indicates the chain length is 18 carbons and has 2 double bonds at positions 9 and 12. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metabolic energy yield of glycogen?

    <p>4.1 kcal / g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is classified as a compound lipid?

    <p>Phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calorie intake should carbohydrates cover according to dietary guidelines?

    <p>45-65% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PDCAAS score of soy protein?

    <p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein source has the lowest PDCAAS score?

    <p>Corn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of protein for an adult consuming a 2,000 calorie diet?

    <p>50-175g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of daily caloric intake from fat according to dietary guidelines?

    <p>20-35% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which definition meets the nutrient requirements for 50% of the population?

    <p>Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein source is incorrectly matched with its PDCAAS score?

    <p>Wheat - 0.6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms indicates intake levels without risk of adverse effects?

    <p>Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in the human body?

    <p>Amino acid metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency is commonly associated with pyridoxal phosphate?

    <p>Glossitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotin acts as a carrier for which of the following groups in metabolic processes?

    <p>Carboxy groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rich source of biotin?

    <p>Yeast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a biotinidase deficiency in infants?

    <p>Floppy baby syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is dependent on pyridoxal phosphate for its action?

    <p>Glutamate decarboxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are biotin deficiencies considered to be very rare?

    <p>Widely available diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conversion pathway of dietary protein to free biotin?

    <p>Dietary protein → Biocytin → Free biotin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integrated Sequence 1 - Nutrients

    • Course: PHIDG 1501
    • Topic: Nutrients (3 lecture hours)
    • Recommended Reading: Mahan, L.K., and Escott-Stump, S., Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy, 12th ed., W.B. Saunders, 2008
    • Complementary Material: Meisenberg, G., and Simmons, W.H., Principles of Medical Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Mosby Elsevier, 2006

    Outline

    • Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein
    • Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals

    Monosaccharides

    • Glucose: Also known as "dextrose" or "blood sugar," it's the primary energy source for the central nervous system (CNS). Daily requirement is 120 g.
    • Galactose: Derived from lactose ("milk sugar").
    • Fructose: Known as "fruit sugar" or "levulose," it is the sweetest monosaccharide. Invert sugar ratio: Glucose/Fructose = 1:1. Found in fruits, vegetables (3% dry weight), and honey (40%.)

    Disaccharides

    • Sucrose (Saccharose): Table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and grape sugar. Hydrolysis yields a mixture of glucose and fructose, known as invert sugar. Present in honey.
    • Lactose: "Milk sugar," predominantly found in mammalian milk (7.5% human milk, 4.5% cow milk).
    • Maltose: Malt sugar, formed from the hydrolysis of starch. Glycosidic bond between Glu C1 and Glu C4.
    • Sucrase: Hydrolyses sucrose (a glycosidic bond Glu C1-Fru C2.)
    • Lactase: Hydrolyses lactose (β glycosidic bond Gal C1- Glu C4.)
    • Maltase: Hydrolyses maltose (a glycosidic bond Glu C1- Glu C4.)
    • Isomaltase: Hydrolyses isomaltose (Glu C1-Glu C6)
    • All other glycosidic bonds: Undigestible dietary fibers.

    Polysaccharides

    • Starch: A complex carbohydrate consisting of amylose and amylopectin. "Waxy starch" is primarily amylopectin (corn and rice).
    • Amylose: Linear, water-soluble carbohydrate.
    • Amylopectin: Branched carbohydrate, also water soluble
    • Dextrins: Partially digested amylose, long linear chains, soluble in water; "limit dextrins" are undigested amylopectin with 1,6 branching points.

    Fibers

    • Dietary Fibers (Intact Plant Components):
      • Less Soluble Fiber: Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
      • More Soluble Fiber: Gums, Pectins
    • Functional Fibers (Isolated from Plants): Chitin, Fructans, Beta-glucans, Algal polysaccharides, Polydextrose, Polyols, Psyllium
    • Fiber Functions: Increase water-holding capacity; decrease gut transit times; fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (decreased risk of tumor formation); cause gel formation, slow digestion, gut transit time, and glucose absorption; bind minerals, lipids, bile, and reduce serum cholesterol.

    Fats and Lipids

    • Lipid Classification: Simple lipids (Fatty acids, Neutral fats, Waxes, Sterolester, Nonsterolester), Compound lipids (Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins), Miscellaneous lipids (Sterols, Vitamins A, E, K)
    • Fatty acids as Energy Source: Highly concentrated energy source (9.3 kcal/g). 15 kg of fat in a normal adult provides 140,000 kcal (covers 15 weeks' energy demand). Fat stores without bound water (unlike glycogen, which needs a higher water content.)
    • Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are essential fats (the body cannot produce these). Unsaturated double bonds decrease melting point and create a kink in the hydrocarbon chains, leading to “loose” fit, rather than “tight fit” of saturated fats, creating a fluid structure. Trans fats arise from partial hydrogenation and are not naturally occurring; they are known to increase risk of coronary heart disease.
    • Synthetic Lipids (MCTs, medium-chain triglycerides): Coconut oil, palm kernel oil (by-product of margarine); Advantages over long-chain triglycerides: Water soluble, require less bile salt; no re-esterification in enterocytes; quick metabolism to acetic acid; not stored in adipose tissue.

    Fat Replacers

    • Non-Lipids: Largely derived from carbohydrates and proteins (gums, cellulose, dextrins, starches). Imitate fat texture, but offer low caloric value. These fat replacers are considered safe and effective for diets.

    Protein

    • Protein Daily Requirements: To maintain daily protein turnover, about 25 g/day must be replaced.
    • Protein Nitrogen Balance: compares amount of nitrogen entering the body to the amount exiting the body. Positive nitrogen balance (uptake > excretion) occurs during growth, pregnancy and bodybuilding. Negative nitrogen balance (uptake < excretion) occurs during starvation and disease.

    Amino Acids

    • Essential Amino Acids: 9 amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from diet.
    • Non-Essential Amino Acids: The body can synthesize these; pathways rely on transamination of metabolites.
    • Amino Acid Requirements: Specific amounts based on age and gender are provided.
    • Example: The Biological Value of Dietary Protein evaluates how well dietary protein's amino acid composition aligns with the body's protein needs and can be assessed by comparing the nutritional value of proteins like Zein and egg-derived proteins.

    Protein Digestibility

    • PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score): A measure of protein quality. Soy proteins score 1, indicating they meet human protein needs. Others, like milk and egg proteins, score higher than less valuable ones like corn.

    Dietary Guidelines

    • USDA/HHS: Carbohydrate (45%-65%), Fat (20%-35%), Protein (10%-35%) recommendations for daily calories. Example: A 2,000 calorie diet should contain 225-325 g carbohydrate, 44-77 g fat, and 50-175 g protein.

    Water-Soluble Vitamins

    • Definitions: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Adequate Intakes (Als), Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs), Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDIs.)

    Specific Micronutrients / Various Vitamins

    • General vitamin specifics: RDA values, and various metabolic functions and consequences of deficiency. Example: Riboflavin (B-2) function is a precursor for FMN and FAD, coenzymes for "H" transfer. Niacin (B3) as a component of NAD and NADP, and its function in glucose metabolism and ATP production. Deficiency signs (Pellagra). Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), and its function as a coenzyme for amino acid metabolism, phosphorylase, and synthesis of GABA. Biotin and its function as a carrier of carboxy groups, with deficiency signs indicated. Thiamine (B1), as a precursor to TPP (Thymine Pyrophosphate), the coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylation pathways in glucose metabolism.

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    Test your knowledge on the key aspects of PHIDG 1501 - Integrated Sequence 1. This quiz covers course details, recommended texts, and fundamental concepts in medical biochemistry. Delve into topics such as carbohydrate digestion and the roles of enzymes.

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