Questions and Answers
What are the diseases related to carbohydrates?
Fructosemia, Fructosuria, Galactosemia, Pentosuria, diabetes, Gaucher's disease, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage diseases.
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates? (Select all that apply)
What type of carbohydrate is glucose?
Match the monosaccharides to their classifications:
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Dihydroxyacetone is the simplest aldohexose.
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What characterizes an epimer?
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Glycogen is an example of a _______.
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What is the empirical formula for many carbohydrates?
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Study Notes
Diseases Related to Carbohydrates
- Fructosemia: Fructose intolerance leads to an inability to properly metabolize fructose.
- Fructosuria: Characterized by inadequate metabolism of fructose, resulting in its presence in urine.
- Galactosemia: A metabolic disorder causing inability to fully break down galactose.
- Pentosuria: An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism causing pentose accumulation.
- Metabolic diseases associated with carbohydrates include diabetes, Gaucher's disease, and hemochromatosis.
- Glycogen storage diseases involve improper storage of glycogen within the body.
Introduction to Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules found in nature.
- Defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or compounds yielding these upon hydrolysis.
- Many carbohydrates follow the empirical formula (CH2O)n and may contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Serve as an energy source primarily through glucose.
- Act as energy storage molecules, notably glycogen and starch.
- Provide structural support and protection via compounds like chitin and cellulose.
- Play roles in recognition and signaling, essential for immune response through glycoproteins.
- Can be part of larger macromolecule structures, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Classes of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further (e.g., glucose).
- Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharide molecules (e.g., sucrose).
- Oligosaccharides: Contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units (e.g., maltotriose).
- Polysaccharides: Composed of more than ten monosaccharide units (e.g., starch, glycogen).
Structure of Monosaccharides
- Simple monosaccharides have linear chains of carbon atoms, each with hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group.
- General formula for unmodified monosaccharides is CnH2nOn.
- Sugars typically end with the suffix “-ose”.
- Classification by carbon count (triose, pentose, hexose) and carbonyl group type (aldose vs. ketose).
Examples of Monosaccharides
- Glyceraldehyde: The simplest aldotriose, has an aldehyde group.
- Dihydroxyacetone: Simplest ketose, lacking a chiral center.
- Glucose: Aldohexose.
- Fructose: Ketohexose.
Chirality in Sugars
- Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are foundational for understanding sugar chirality.
- D and L forms are noted based on the position of the hydroxyl group on the chiral center.
- The majority of naturally occurring sugars exist in the D form.
Health Implications of Fructose
- High fructose consumption from sweeteners linked to obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in animal studies.
- Associated with increased plasma triglyceride levels and hepatic insulin resistance.
- Contributes to higher total and visceral fat mass and ectopic fat accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle.
Isomers and their Classifications
- Isomers: Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements.
- Epimers: A specific type of isomer differing at only one carbon atom.
- Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images (D and L forms).
- Anomers: Differ only at the anomeric carbon, the carbon involved in the carbonyl group.
Summary of Isomer Types
- Isomers: Same formula, different structures.
- Epimers: Differ at one specific carbon atom.
- Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images.
- Anomers: Differ at the carbonyl carbon.
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Description
Explore essential concepts from Biochemistry Chapter 7 about mono- and oligosaccharides, alongside relevant conditions such as fructose intolerance and galactosemia. This quiz covers key metabolic diseases and errors in carbohydrate metabolism. Perfect for medical biochemistry students looking to assess their understanding.
