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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
What is the main difference between hormone therapy and organotherapy?
What is the main difference between hormone therapy and organotherapy?
What is prednisone?
What is prednisone?
What is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
What is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
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Who demonstrated the benefits of administering animal thyroid glands to patients with myxoedema and cretinism?
Who demonstrated the benefits of administering animal thyroid glands to patients with myxoedema and cretinism?
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What is the nucleus present in any compound that is classified as a steroid?
What is the nucleus present in any compound that is classified as a steroid?
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What are examples of classes of hormones?
What are examples of classes of hormones?
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What is the precursor for the formation of steroid hormones?
What is the precursor for the formation of steroid hormones?
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Which of the following is a type of steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands?
Which of the following is a type of steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands?
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What is the function of bile acids in the body?
What is the function of bile acids in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid hormone?
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Which of the following steroid hormones affects the growth and development of the reproductive tract?
Which of the following steroid hormones affects the growth and development of the reproductive tract?
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What is the primary use of ox bile extract?
What is the primary use of ox bile extract?
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What is the function of Chenodiol?
What is the function of Chenodiol?
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What is the characteristic feature of sterols?
What is the characteristic feature of sterols?
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What is the process by which Vitamin D is produced from ergosterol?
What is the process by which Vitamin D is produced from ergosterol?
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Study Notes
Hormones
- Also known as chemical messengers
- Substances secreted by endocrine or ductless glands of animals
- History: In 1891, Horsley showed that patients with myxoedema and cretinism benefited from the administration of animal thyroid glands
Hormone Therapy vs Organotherapy
- Hormone therapy: using the active principles
- Organotherapy: using the glands or more or less crude preparations of them
Classes of Hormones
Steroid Hormones
- Insoluble in water and transported by transport proteins in blood, resulting in longer circulation than peptide hormones
- Steroid nucleus: any compound having a cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) nucleus
- Alpha and beta configuration
Biosynthesis of Steroids
- Formed from isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- Cholesterol is not necessarily the precursor, but its formation is a general mechanism of steroid biosynthesis
Forms of Steroids
- Sterols
- Bile acids
- Cardiac glycosides
- Steroid hormones
Sterols
- Solids and high molecular weight (HMW) with 27-29 carbon atoms
- First isolated from human gallstones
- Other sources: algae, fungi, actinomyces
Examples of Sterols
- Ergosterol: 28 carbon structure, principal fungi sterol, also known as provitamin D2 (exposure to UV produces Vitamin D)
- Beta-Sitosterol: 29 carbon structure, most common plant sterol, from plant-derived oils (corn, cottonseed, etc.), used to treat atherosclerosis and has anti-hypercholesterolemic effects
Bile Acids
- Cholesterol → C24 steroids (where C24 is a carboxyl) → collected in bile and referred to as bile acids
- Conjugated bile acids: released into the duodenum to emulsify meals for fat absorption
Examples of Bile Acids
- Deoxycholic acid (from cholic acid)
- Lithocholic acid (from chenodesoxycholic acid)
- Primary bile acids (liver): cholic acid and chenodesoxycholic acid
- Ox bile extract: partial evaporation of fresh ox bile, precipitation of the mucus and albuminous matter with alcohol, and consequent evaporation (evaporate to dryness at < 80°C), contains Na salts of glycholic acid and taurocholic acid equivalent to not less than 45% cholic acid, used as a laxative
Chenodesoxycholic Acid
- Also known as Chenodiol
- Suppresses hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and cholic acid, leading to biliary cholesterol desaturation and dissolution of cholesterol gallstones
- Types of cholesterol gallstones: radiolucent and radiopaque (calcified)
Cardiac Glycosides
- Review notes on cardiac glycosides as previously discussed
Steroid Hormones
Sex Hormones
- Produced primarily in the gonads
- Mediate the growth, development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive tract and accessory sex organs
- 3 categories:
- Estrogen and progesterone: female reproductive tract
- Androgen: male reproductive organs
Adrenocorticoid Hormones
- Produced by the outer cortical portion of the adrenal glands
- 2 classes:
- Mineralocorticoids: affect the excretion of fluid and electrolytes with subsequent sodium and potassium retention
- Glucocorticoids: affect intermediary metabolism
- Examples:
- Aldosterone (principal) and desoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoids)
- Cortisone and hydrocortisone (protein and carb metabolism)
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Description
Learn about endocrine products, hormone therapy, and organotherapy in pharmacognosy and plant chemistry. Understand the classification, history, and benefits of hormones as chemical messengers. A comprehensive lesson for pharmacy students.
