Pharmacognosy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a known anticancer property of cyanogenetic glycosides?

  • They possess anticancer properties. (correct)
  • They promote cell growth.
  • They induce cell death.
  • They prevent inflammation.

    • Amygdalin is primarily found in the sweet almond species.

    False

    What type of linkage connects the two glucose molecules in gentiobiose?

    β-1,6 linkage

    During the enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin, two molecules of glucose and one molecule of _______ are produced.

    <p>mandelonitrile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the glycosides with their corresponding aglycone moiety:

    <p>Amygdalin = Mandelonitrile Prunasin = Benzaldehyde-cyanohydrin Linamarin = Acetone-cyanohydrin Gentiobiose = Two glucose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to use the term pharmacognosy?

    <p>Johann Adam Schmidt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy exclusively focuses on synthetic drugs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as 'the study of the traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes'?

    <p>Medical ethnobotany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The German term for 'science of crude drugs' is ______.

    <p>drogenkunde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fields of pharmacognosy with their descriptions:

    <p>Medical ethnobotany = Traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes Phytotherapy = Medicinal use of plant extracts Ethnopharmacology = Pharmacological qualities of traditional medicinal substances Zoopharmacognosy = Self-medication processes in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phytochemistry study?

    <p>Chemicals derived from plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galen's work was instrumental in the development of Materia Medica.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which animals use natural resources to treat diseases?

    <p>Zoopharmacognosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pharmacological action of anthraquinone glycosides found in Senna?

    <p>Laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhubarb does not contain any anthraquinones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the botanical source of Frangula bark?

    <p>Rhamnus frangula Linn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Senna contains the anthraquinone glycosides known as __________ A and B.

    <p>sennoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their primary uses:

    <p>Senna = Laxative Rhubarb = Antiseptic Frangula Bark = Purgative Aloes = Vermifuge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color indicates the presence of anthraquinone glycosides when using Borntrager’s test on Senna?

    <p>Pink to red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aloes is primarily used as a tonic and emollient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical test is used to detect anthraquinone glycosides in Rhubarb?

    <p>Borntrager's test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a synonym for Asafoetida?

    <p>Garlic root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asafoetida is primarily sourced from the roots and rhizome of plants belonging to the Apiaceae family.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main geographical source of Asafoetida?

    <p>Iran, Turkestan, and Afghanistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asafoetida contains volatile oil, resin, and _____ as its main chemical constituents.

    <p>gum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used to collect Asafoetida from its plant?

    <p>Incision of the decapitated rhizome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blue fluorescence observed with Asafoetida is due to the conversion of ferulic acid into umbelliferone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the chemical tests with their observed results:

    <p>Trituration with water = Milky emulsion Boiled with hydrochloric acid = Blue fluorescence Add 50% nitric acid = Green color Add sulfuric acid = Acid reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the garlic-like odor of Asafoetida oil?

    <p>Sulfur compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can be treated with the food plant Manihot esculenta?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucosinolates are present in monocotyledonous plant families.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do glucosinolates have on plants regarding pests?

    <p>They contribute to the plant’s defense against pests and diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bitter flavor in cruciferous vegetables is imparted by __________.

    <p>glucosinolates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their glucosinolate sources:

    <p>White mustard = Sinalbin Black mustard = Sinigrin Cabbage = Glucosinolates Horseradish = Mustard oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about glucosinolates is true?

    <p>They are irritants used as counter irritants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All glucosinolates contain sulfur.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme hydrolyzes glucosinolates in the presence of water?

    <p>Myrosinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adulterant for asafoetida?

    <p>Almonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galbanum and ammoniacum contain the same primary active compounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medicinal use of substances derived from galbanum?

    <p>Antioxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galbanum is obtained mainly from the plant species _____ galbaniflua.

    <p>Ferula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medicinal uses with their corresponding actions:

    <p>Antimicrobial = Fights against microbes Hepatoprotective = Maintains a healthy liver Anti-diabetic = Fights against diabetes Neuroprotective = Protects the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is treated with asafoetida?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one biological source of coumarin glycosides.

    <p>Haplophyllum dauricum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ferula galbaniflua is primarily found in the eastern regions of the Mediterranean.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient document describes the use of medicinal plants and was written around 1500 B.C.?

    <p>Papyrus Ebers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy exclusively studies synthetic drugs derived from chemical processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the father of medicine?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'pharmacognosy' is derived from the Greek words _____ (drug) and _____ (knowledge).

    <p>pharmakon, gnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical figures with their contributions to pharmacognosy:

    <p>Hippocrates = Father of Medicine Dioscorides = Compiled De Materia Medica Aristotle = Study of Animal Kingdom Theoprastus = Study of Medicinal Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Greek physician described 600 therapeutic medicinal plants?

    <p>Dioscorides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of pharmacognosy has not changed significantly in recent years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pharmacognosy primarily concerned with?

    <p>Study of drugs derived from natural sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adulterant commonly found in asafoetida?

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galbanum and ammoniacum are both sourced from the same plant species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one medicinal property of galbanum.

    <p>Antioxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary active compounds found in ammoniacum include _______.

    <p>ammoresinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT attributed to the medicinal uses of asafoetida?

    <p>Cardiac stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volatile oil in galbanum contains predominantly monoterpenes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component found in the volatile oil of ammoniacum?

    <p>Ferulene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of anthraquinone glycosides in the human body?

    <p>Laxative effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones are soluble in water and alcohol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is Baccatin III converted to in the synthesis of Taxol?

    <p>Taxol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical formula for anthraquinone is ______.

    <p>C14H8O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is NOT typically present in the glycone moiety of anthracene glycosides?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of psoralens in PUVA treatment?

    <p>To make the skin sensitive to UVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Anthraquinone = Yellow or light gray-green crystalline powder Frangulin A = Example of anthracene glycoside Rhein glycosides = Increases colon pressure Glycoside = Molecule with glycone and aglycone moieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Novobiocin is an antibiotic derived from aflatoxin and is effective against penicillin-sensitive bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones are chemically unstable under normal conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one plant species that contains toxic glycosides.

    <p>Manihot esculenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are anthracene glycosides primarily found?

    <p>Dicotyledonous plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PUVA is a combination treatment of Psoralens and __________ exposure.

    <p>UVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antibiotics with their source:

    <p>Novobiocin = Streptomyces niveus Coumermycin A1 = Streptomyces coumaceuticalis Clorobiocin = Streptomyces glaucescens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a significant characteristic of Aflatoxins?

    <p>They are produced by fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ancient Egyptians were the first to utilize psoralens for skin diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Bergamot Essential Oil?

    <p>Promoting physical and emotional well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of bitter almond oil?

    <p>As a sedative and in treating bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wild cherry bark contains only coumarin derivatives as its active constituents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cyanogenetic glycoside found in cassava?

    <p>Linamarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrolysis of prunasin in wild cherry bark produces benzaldehyde, glucose, and _______.

    <p>hydrocyanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant with its primary use:

    <p>Bitter Almond = Sedative, bronchitis Wild Cherry Bark = Expectorant, sedative Cassava = Food source Apricot Kernels = Similar to bitter almond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is produced alongside glucose during the hydrolysis of amygdalin?

    <p>Hydrocyanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extensive boiling of cassava helps to remove toxic compounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a geographical source of wild cherry bark.

    <p>North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when sinigrin undergoes hydrolysis?

    <p>Allyl isothiocyanate, potassium acid sulphate, and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active constituents in both black mustard and white mustard include phenolic isothiocyanate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the synonym for white mustard?

    <p>Sinapis alba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that hydrolyzes sinigrin to produce allyl isothiocyanate is called ______.

    <p>myrosinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their primary constituents:

    <p>Black mustard = Sinigrin White mustard = Sinalbin Cabbage = Glucosinolates Broccoli = Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses is NOT associated with mustard?

    <p>Anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Black mustard is native to North America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sinalbin is a crystalline isothiocyanate glycoside found in ______ mustard.

    <p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Introduction to Pharmacognosy

    • Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and minerals.
    • The word "pharmacognosy" comes from Greek words: "pharmakon" (drug) and "gnosis" (knowledge) or "gignosco" (to acquire knowledge of).
    • Pharmacognosy has undergone change in recent years, representing an interdisciplinary science.
    • It is a major area in pharmaceutical education.
    • The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP) defines Pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs, and the search for new drugs from natural sources.
    • Pharmacognosy has been crucial in discovering and developing new drugs and therapies, and continues to do so today.
    • It formed the basis for the development of the subject of Pharmacy.

    History of the Development of Pharmacognosy

    • The history of Pharmacognosy is as old as the history of medicine.
    • The Ebers Papyrus, a document from 1500 BCE, described the use of medicinal plants, animals, and human anatomy by ancient Egyptians.
    • The Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), considered the father of medicine, described human anatomy and physiology.
    • Hippocrates and his student Aristotle (384-287 BCE) used medicinal plants to treat diseases.
    • Theoprastus (370-287 BCE), a student of Aristotle, is known for the study of the plant kingdom.
    • Dioscorides (AD 78) described 600 medicinal plants in De Materia Medica.
    • Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79) compiled Natural History in 37 volumes, a compendium of Roman knowledge, including astronomy, art, magic, geography, and zoology.
    • Galen (AD 131-200) described methods of preparation containing active constituents from plants and animals, known as Galenical pharmacy.
    • Johann Adam Schmidt (1811) and later, a German scientist Sydler (1815), introduced the term Pharmacognosy.

    Relationship of Pharmacognosy with other subjects

    • Pharmacognosy is interdisciplinary, drawing on subjects like botany, ethnobotany, medical anthropology, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry, biotechnology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy, and pharmacy practice.
    • Subdivisions include medical ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, zoopharmacognosy, pharmacognosy-biotechnology, herbal interactions, and marine pharmacognosy.

    Marine Pharmacognosy

    • Marine pharmacognosy investigates and identifies medically important plants and animals in marine environments; microorganisms, viruses, algae, fungi, and sponges are sources of drugs.
    • The oceans contain over 5 million species across 30 phyla.
    • Marine sources are a valuable source of new molecular entities, including terpenes, shikimates, polyketides, acetogenins, peptides, and alkaloids.

    The Development of Marine Drugs In Modern Times

    • Sponges have been used for centuries for their bioactive compounds and iodine.
    • In the mid-20th century, scientists began systematically studying the ocean for new medicines.
    • Researchers are identifying marine organisms' defensive chemical weapons (secondary metabolites) as potential drugs.
    • Methods of collecting marine drugs include beach combing, wading, snorkeling, dredging, coring, scuba diving, and submersibles.
    • Drying methods remove excess water and debris before extraction,using lyophilization (freeze-drying) or specific temperatures.

    Isolation Techniques

    • Techniques for isolating compounds include extraction (using solvents like methanol, chloroform, ethanol, acetonitrile), chromatographic purification, and structure elucidation (using HR-MS, IR, UV-Vis, etc.).
    • Bio-assay testing verifies a compound's anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, etc. activity.

    The Scope of Pharmacognosy

    • Pharmacognosy includes research in phytochemistry, microbial chemistry, biosynthesis, biotransformation, chemotaxonomy, biotechnology, and other biological and chemical sciences.
    • It is one of the major branches of the pharmaceutical curriculum, representing the oldest branch of the pharmacy profession.
    • Pharmacognosy considers the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, selection, preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, preservation, and use of drugs encompassing the health of both humans and other animals.
    • Although most studies focus on plants, other organisms (microbes, marine organisms) are also being researched.

    Function of Pharmacognosy

    • Identification of drug sources.
    • Determination of morphological characteristics.
    • Investigation of potency.
    • Planning and design of medicinal plant cultivation.
    • Prescription of collection, drying, and preservation methods.
    • Knowledge about active constituents, chemical nature, and uses of active constituents.

    Some Basic Terminologies in Pharmacognosy

    • Drugs can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic, derived from plants, animals, and minerals.
    • Crude drugs have undergone only collection and drying (no enhancement in physical or chemical properties).
    • Organized drugs have cellular structures (e.g., digitalis, cinchona); unorganized drugs lack cellular structures (e.g., aloe, agar).
    • Vegetable drugs are those derived from plants, considering it as the main source of drugs.
    • Non-vegetable drugs can be animal-derived or mineral-derived.

    Taxonomic (Biological) Classification

    • This is the classification of drugs based on their botanical or zoological phylogeny (order, family, genus, and species).
    • It provides details about the source.
    • Plant species are often classified based on distinguishing characteristics, which permit the separation of crude drugs from different families.
    • Animal-derived drugs may be classified phylogenetically based on their evolutionary relationships.

    Morphological Classification

    • The classification method categorizes plants or animal materials into organized or unorganized parts.
    • Vegetable drugs are classified according to plant parts, such as seeds, leaves, barks, roots, rhizomes, flowers, fruits, dried latex, resins, extracts, and others.

    Chemical Classification

    • The classification of crude drugs based on the chemical nature of their significant constituents (e.g., alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones, and proteins/enzymes).
    • Groups together crude drugs with similar constituents, potentially ignoring structural similarities or differences.

    Pharmacological (Therapeutic) Classification

    • Classification of drugs based on their pharmacological action or therapeutic uses.
    • Compounds acting on the gastro-intestinal tract (e.g., bitters, carminatives, emetics, purgatives), cardiovascular system (e.g., cardiotonics, cardiac depressants), autonomic nervous system (e.g., adrenergics, cholinergics, anticholinergics).

    Chemotaxonomic Identification

    • Chemotaxonomy uses chemical markers (especially secondary metabolites) to classify plants to understand the relationships between plants and their chemical constituents.
    • This can help understand evolutionary relations and can be a basis for classifying drugs.
    • Methods such as DNA hybridisation, amino acid sequencing in proteins, and serotaxonomy are used.

    Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude Drugs

    • Adulteration refers to the incorporation of impurities into genuine drugs, which can be accidental or deliberate.
    • Evaluation assesses the identity, quality, and purity of the drug.
    • Identity verifies the exact biological source of the drug.
    • Quality measures the quantity or concentration of biologically active constituents.
    • Purity involves the absence or presence of organic or inorganic foreign matter.
    • Evaluation methods include organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological evaluations.

    Secondary Metabolites

    •  Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by plants as waste products (by-products) or during normal metabolic activities.
    • The importance of secondary metabolites lies in producing commercially unavailable drugs, providing prototypes for synthetic drugs, and producing drugs with slightly modified properties.
    • They are often produced as a defense mechanism against bacteria, fungi, viruses or herbivores.

    Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Glycosides

    • Anthracene glycosides are found mainly in dicotyledonous plants, also in monocotyledonous plants.
    • Characterized by their laxative action on humans and other animals.
    •  Their structure is based on anthracene.
    •  Glycosides are formed from aglycone moieties, including anthraquinones, anthranols, anthrones, anthrone dimers or their derivatives.
    • Glycone moiety: Sugars (e.g., arabinose, rhamnose, glucose) are part of the structure.

    Properties of Anthraquinones

    • Anthraquinone is an aromatic organic compound.
    • It appears as a yellow or light gray-green, solid crystalline powder.
    • It's not soluble in water or alcohol, but it's soluble in nitrobenzene and aniline.
    • It is chemically stable under normal conditions.
    • It acts as a stimulant cathartic (laxative) by increasing the tone of smooth muscle in the large intestine walls.
    • The compound increases pressure on the colon walls, stimulating peristaltic movement, and expelling stools.
    • Anthraquinone naturally extracted from plants (e.g., aloe, senna, rhubarb, cascara).

    Anthracene Glycosides

    • These glycosides are characterized by their reaction to Borntrager's test; they exhibit microsublimation.
    •  O-glycosides and S-glycosides are common; their hydrolysis produces 1:8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, anthranol, anthrone, or dianthrone derivatives.
    • Aglycone: aloemodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion.
    • Glycone: sugars (e.g., arabinose, rhamnose, glucose).

    Test for Anthraquinones

    • Borntrager's test is used to detect the presence of anthraquinones.
    • Sample is treated with chloroform and heated.
    • Filtration and addition of ammonia give a pink/red color. A control should also be performed to assess the reliability of the test.

    Cascara Sagrada

    ... (Existing notes)

    Senna Leaves

    ... (Existing notes)

    Rhubarb

    ... (Existing notes)

    Frangula Bark

    ... (Existing notes)

    Aloes

    ... (Existing notes)

    Coumarin Glycosides

    ... (Existing notes)

    Asafoetida

    ... (Existing notes)

    Haplophyllum dauricum

    ... (Existing notes)

    Galium odoratum

    ... (Existing notes)

    Tonka seed

    ... (Existing notes)

    Hierochloe odorata

    ... (Existing notes)

    Furanocoumarins

    ... (Existing notes)

    Bergamot

    ... (Existing notes)

    Bavchi

    ... (Existing notes)

    Ammi

    ... (Existing notes)

    Visnaga

    ... (Existing notes)

    Cyanogenetic Glycosides in Cassava

    ... (Existing notes)

    Bitter Almond

    ... (Existing notes)

    Wild Cherry Bark

    ... (Existing notes)

    Glucosinolates

    ... (Existing notes)

    Black Mustard

    ... (Existing notes)

    White Mustard

    ... (Existing notes)

    Other Plants Containing Glucosinolates

    ... (Existing notes)

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    Pharmacognosy PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pharmacognosy, the study of traditional uses of plants for medicinal purposes. This quiz covers various concepts such as glycosides, phytochemistry, and historical figures in the field. Prepare to explore the connection between plants and their therapeutic effects!

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