PHC111 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 1, Fall 2024

• PHC111 is a Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 1 course, Fall 2024.
• Course instructors include:
  • Prof. Dr. Aliaa M. Kamal, Professor of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry and Head of Organic Chemistry Department ([email protected])
  • Dr. Inas Galal, PhD, Lecturer of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry ([email protected])
  • Dr. Rana Magdy, PhD, Lecturer of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry ([email protected])
• Office location for the instructors: G208
• Classroom regulations:
  • Be on time
  • Pay attention and be ready for questions
  • Listen when the instructor is talking
  • Take notes
  • No food, mobiles, or side talks
  • Adhere to the dress code
  • Sit properly

Faculty of Pharmacy Vision

• The Faculty of Pharmacy at October University for Modern Sciences and Arts aims to contribute to Egypt's future vision and achieve a distinguished ranking nationally, regionally, and globally.

Faculty of Pharmacy Mission

• The Faculty of Pharmacy at October University is committed to providing an advanced educational program to prepare pharmacists capable of competition, innovation, and providing quality health services within professional ethics, conducting scientific research, and engaging in community services for sustainable development.

Strategic Goals of the Faculty

• Improving the competitiveness and quality of students and graduates.
• Elevating the research system and developing graduate programs.
• Building qualified teaching and administrative staff.
• Sustaining comprehensive quality to raise the competitive performance of the institution.
• Enhancing community participation and promoting sustainable development opportunities.

National Academic Reference Standards (NARS)

• The minimum level of knowledge and skills a graduate must have for their profession, set by the National Authority for Quality Assurance of Education and Accreditation (NAQAAE).
• Learning outcomes are measurable achievements after learning processes.
• Competency domains include Fundamental Knowledge, Professional and Ethical Practice, Pharmaceutical Care, and Personal Practice.
• The module aims to enable students to demonstrate integrated knowledge of aliphatic organic compounds and their nomenclature, physical and chemical characters, and the conversion between functional groups using different chemical reactions and mechanisms, to identify organic compounds from their physical and chemical properties and reactions.

Assessment of PHC111:

• Quizzes = 5 Marks (3.3%)
• Assignment = 15 Marks (10%)
• Practical Exam = 40 Marks (26.7%)
• Mid-Term Exam = 30 Marks (20%)
• Final Exam = 60 Marks (40%)
• Total = 150 marks (100%)

Lecture 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Key concepts covered in this lecture:
  • Organic compounds and their classification.
  • Electronegativity, valency, and types of chemical bonding.

Organic Chemistry Basics

• The study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.
• Carbon can form millions of stable compounds by sharing electrons with other carbon atoms or several different atoms.
• Almost all molecules that make life possible contain carbon.
• Chemical reactions in living systems are organic reactions.
• Organic chemistry is present in life, the body, food, cosmetics, medicine, and industry

Classification of Organic Compounds

• Hydrocarbons: Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Example: C2H6.
• Substituted Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by another atom (N, O, etc.)
  • Classified based on the functional group.
• Functional group: A specific group of atoms or bonds responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons, like those with single bonds.
• Cycloalkanes: Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons.
• Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
• Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Containing one or more benzene rings.
• Examples: Functional groups include amines (R-NH2), alcohols (R-OH), ethers (R-O-R), alkyl halides (R-X), aldehydes (R-C=O-H), ketones (R-C=O-R), acids (R-C=O-OH), esters (R-C=O-OR), and amides (R-C=O-NH2).

Electronegativity

• The tendency for an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.
• Measures the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.
• The higher the electronegativity, the more an atom attracts electrons.
• Electronegativity increases across a row and up a column on the periodic table.

Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals

• Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in energy levels called shells (K, L, M, N).
• Shells are divided into subshells (s, p, d, f).
• The maximum number of electrons is 2 in the "s" subshell & the "p" subshell is 6 elections.
• Subshells are subdivided into orbitals, each holding 2 electrons.
• The "s" subshell has one orbital.
• The "p" subshell has px, py, and pz orbitals.
• Electrons are distributed through orbitals in pairs.

Valency

• Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
• Valency: Determines the number of chemical bonds an atom can form.
  • Equals the number of electrons in the outer shell if that number is four or less.
  • or Eight minus the number of valence electrons.
• Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a filled outer shell for stability (octet rule).

Chemical Bonding

• Atoms are most stable when the outer shell is filled with electrons
• Bonds form when atoms lose, accept, or share valence electrons to achieve a filled outer shell
• Ionic Bond: An electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge. Formed by the transfer of electrons, creating cations and anions. Requires a large electronegativity difference (>2.0).
  • Example: Na+Cl-
• Covalent Bond: Formed by sharing electrons between atoms
• Non-polar Covalent Bond: Formed between atoms with similar electronegativity, resulting in an even distribution of charge
  • EN difference is 0 - 0.4
  • C-H bonds are considered non-polar covalent bonds because the electronegativity of carbon is the same as hydrogen
• Polar Covalent Bond: Formed between atoms with different electronegativity, resulting in a polar distribution of charge
  • EN difference is 0.5 - 2.0
  • The greater the difference in EN between bonded atoms, the more polar the bond.
• Lone Pair (Nonbonding) Electrons: A set of electrons in valence shell that don’t participate in covalent bond formation
  • They affect reactivity of the compound

Types of Covalent Bonds

• Sigma (σ) Bond: Formed by head-to-head overlapping of orbitals
• Pi (π) Bond: Formed by side-to-side overlapping of p orbitals

Overview of the PHC111 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 1 course for Fall 2024. Includes instructor information (Prof. Dr. Aliaa M. Kamal, Dr. Inas Galal, and Dr. Rana Magdy), office location, and classroom regulations. Also summarizes faculty vision and mission statements.