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The lowest layer of our atmosphere is about how many kilometers above sea level?
The lowest layer of our atmosphere is about how many kilometers above sea level?
10 kilometers
What is the name of the layer in the atmosphere where the ozone layer is found?
What is the name of the layer in the atmosphere where the ozone layer is found?
Stratosphere
What are the names of the two layers in the atmosphere where aurora borealis and aurora australis are observed?
What are the names of the two layers in the atmosphere where aurora borealis and aurora australis are observed?
Thermosphere and Exosphere
What process describes the change of state in a substance from a liquid to a gas?
What process describes the change of state in a substance from a liquid to a gas?
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What process describes the change of state in a substance from a gas to a liquid?
What process describes the change of state in a substance from a gas to a liquid?
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What is the name for the evaporation of water from plants through tiny openings called stomata?
What is the name for the evaporation of water from plants through tiny openings called stomata?
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What process occurs when there is an excess of precipitation and the ground is saturated?
What process occurs when there is an excess of precipitation and the ground is saturated?
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What is the smallest revolving weather phenomenon?
What is the smallest revolving weather phenomenon?
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What process converts nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide?
What process converts nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide?
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What process develops fresh water from salt water?
What process develops fresh water from salt water?
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What type of lens can form an upright, reduced, and virtual image?
What type of lens can form an upright, reduced, and virtual image?
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The scattering of light is best explained by what type of scattering?
The scattering of light is best explained by what type of scattering?
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What is the bouncing of light when it hits a surface called?
What is the bouncing of light when it hits a surface called?
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What is the bending of light as it passes through a different medium called?
What is the bending of light as it passes through a different medium called?
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In quantum theory, what is the unit of energy carried by light called?
In quantum theory, what is the unit of energy carried by light called?
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What effect explains the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light?
What effect explains the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light?
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What type of process is a thermodynamic process where the total volume of the system remains constant?
What type of process is a thermodynamic process where the total volume of the system remains constant?
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What type of process refers to a constant pressure?
What type of process refers to a constant pressure?
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What type of process occurs where there is no heat transfer into or out of the system, and the change in internal energy is only done by work?
What type of process occurs where there is no heat transfer into or out of the system, and the change in internal energy is only done by work?
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What type of heat transfer occurs when molecules of matter are in direct contact with each other?
What type of heat transfer occurs when molecules of matter are in direct contact with each other?
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What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through the movement of gas or liquid?
What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through the movement of gas or liquid?
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What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through space?
What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through space?
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What process is responsible for turning iron into a temporary magnet?
What process is responsible for turning iron into a temporary magnet?
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What law states that the sum of all potential rises and potential drops in any loop (closed circuit) is zero?
What law states that the sum of all potential rises and potential drops in any loop (closed circuit) is zero?
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What law states that the mass of a substance deposited at any electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passed?
What law states that the mass of a substance deposited at any electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passed?
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What law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points?
What law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points?
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What is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field?
What is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field?
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What is a closed, continuous path through which electrons can flow?
What is a closed, continuous path through which electrons can flow?
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What is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit?
What is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit?
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What is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop?
What is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop?
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What law states that an object at rest tends to be at rest, and an object in motion tends to be in motion unless an external force is acting on it?
What law states that an object at rest tends to be at rest, and an object in motion tends to be in motion unless an external force is acting on it?
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What law states that the acceleration of an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass?
What law states that the acceleration of an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass?
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What law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
What law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
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Which of the following is a simple machine used for raising heavy bodies?
Which of the following is a simple machine used for raising heavy bodies?
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Which of the following simple machines is characterized by a taut cable or belt passing over a wheel?
Which of the following simple machines is characterized by a taut cable or belt passing over a wheel?
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Which of the following simple machines consists of two disks or cylinders of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis?
Which of the following simple machines consists of two disks or cylinders of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis?
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Which of the following simple machines is a rigid bar resting on a pivot, used to help move a heavy load?
Which of the following simple machines is a rigid bar resting on a pivot, used to help move a heavy load?
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The shift in location when an object in motion changes from one position to another is called what?
The shift in location when an object in motion changes from one position to another is called what?
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What is equal to its initial velocity plus acceleration multiplied by the time it traveled?
What is equal to its initial velocity plus acceleration multiplied by the time it traveled?
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What is the velocity of an object at the beginning of a sequence or motion?
What is the velocity of an object at the beginning of a sequence or motion?
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Study Notes
Phases of the Moon
- The Moon's phases are its changing appearances as seen from Earth, caused by the changing positions of the Moon relative to the Sun and Earth.
- Solar eclipse occurs during a new moon phase.
- Lunar eclipse occurs during a full moon phase.
- Umbra: The darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked. A total occultation is experienced.
- Penumbra: The area around the umbra where only a portion of the light source is blocked. A partial eclipse occurs here.
- Antumbra: The region where the occluding body appears entirely within the disc of the light source. An annular eclipse is observed, a bright ring around the eclipsing body
Layers of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: The lowest layer, extending from ground level to about 10 km (6.2 miles). Air pressure and temperature decrease with altitude.
- Stratosphere: Above the troposphere, extending up to 50 km. Contains the ozone layer, important for absorbing UV radiation. Commercial jets fly here.
- Mesosphere: Extends up to about 85 km. Most meteors burn up in this layer. Temperatures decrease with altitude.
- Thermosphere (Ionosphere): Extends to 500-1000 km. High energy UV and X-rays from the Sun cause high temperatures. The Kármán Line is the boundary between atmosphere and space (about 100km).
- Exosphere: The uppermost layer. The region between 100,000 km and 190,000 km from the Earth's surface.
Water Cycle Processes
- Evaporation: Liquid to gas
- Condensation: Gas to liquid
- Precipitation: Condensation particles grow too large and fall as rain, hail, snow or sleet.
- Transpiration: Evaporation of water from plants
- Runoff: Excess precipitation flows into rivers and lakes
Chemical Reactions
- Combination Reaction: Two compounds combine to form a single one (A + B → AB)
- Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into multiple ones (AB → A + B)
- Precipitation Reaction: Two soluble salts react forming an insoluble solid (precipitate) (A + B → C + D)
- Neutralization Reaction: An acid reacts with a base, forming a salt and water (Acid + Base → Salt + Water)
- Combustion Reaction: An element or compound reacts rapidly with oxygen producing heat and light (A + O2 → H2O + CO2)
- Displacement Reaction: One element displaces another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B)
Properties of Metals
- State: Solid at room temperature, except mercury (liquid).
- Luster: Reflect light, can be polished.
- Malleability: Can be hammered into thin sheets.
- Ductility: Can be drawn into wires.
- Hardness: Generally hard, except some soft metals like sodium and potassium.
- Valency: Typically have 1-3 valence electrons.
- Conductors: Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Density: Generally high densities.
- Melting/Boiling Points: Generally high melting and boiling points.
Other Concepts
- pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity of substances. A scale from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral.
- Nucleic Acids: Responsible for genetic information, with organic compounds including carbon chains.
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
- Atomic Mass: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
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Description
Explore the intriguing phases of the Moon and the various layers of Earth's atmosphere in this quiz. Discover how eclipses occur and learn about the characteristics of each atmospheric layer, including their significance and structure.
