Phases of the Moon and Atmosphere Layers

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Questions and Answers

The lowest layer of our atmosphere is about how many kilometers above sea level?

10 kilometers

What is the name of the layer in the atmosphere where the ozone layer is found?

Stratosphere

What are the names of the two layers in the atmosphere where aurora borealis and aurora australis are observed?

Thermosphere and Exosphere

What process describes the change of state in a substance from a liquid to a gas?

<p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the change of state in a substance from a gas to a liquid?

<p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the evaporation of water from plants through tiny openings called stomata?

<p>Transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when there is an excess of precipitation and the ground is saturated?

<p>Runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest revolving weather phenomenon?

<p>Tornado</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide?

<p>Denitrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process develops fresh water from salt water?

<p>Desalination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lens can form an upright, reduced, and virtual image?

<p>Diverging lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scattering of light is best explained by what type of scattering?

<p>Rayleigh scattering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bouncing of light when it hits a surface called?

<p>Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bending of light as it passes through a different medium called?

<p>Refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

In quantum theory, what is the unit of energy carried by light called?

<p>Photon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect explains the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light?

<p>Photoelectric effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of process is a thermodynamic process where the total volume of the system remains constant?

<p>Isochoric process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of process refers to a constant pressure?

<p>Isobaric process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of process occurs where there is no heat transfer into or out of the system, and the change in internal energy is only done by work?

<p>Adiabatic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heat transfer occurs when molecules of matter are in direct contact with each other?

<p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through the movement of gas or liquid?

<p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through space?

<p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for turning iron into a temporary magnet?

<p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that the sum of all potential rises and potential drops in any loop (closed circuit) is zero?

<p>Kirchoff's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that the mass of a substance deposited at any electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passed?

<p>Law of Electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points?

<p>Ohm's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field?

<p>Charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a closed, continuous path through which electrons can flow?

<p>Circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit?

<p>Resistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop?

<p>Voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that an object at rest tends to be at rest, and an object in motion tends to be in motion unless an external force is acting on it?

<p>Law of Inertia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that the acceleration of an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass?

<p>Law of Acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?

<p>Law of Interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a simple machine used for raising heavy bodies?

<p>Inclined plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following simple machines is characterized by a taut cable or belt passing over a wheel?

<p>Pulley (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following simple machines consists of two disks or cylinders of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis?

<p>Wheel and axle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following simple machines is a rigid bar resting on a pivot, used to help move a heavy load?

<p>Lever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shift in location when an object in motion changes from one position to another is called what?

<p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is equal to its initial velocity plus acceleration multiplied by the time it traveled?

<p>Final velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the velocity of an object at the beginning of a sequence or motion?

<p>Initial velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Umbra

The dark center of a shadow where light is completely blocked.

Penumbra

The lighter outer region of a shadow where some light is blocked.

Antumbra

The region where the occluding body appears entirely within the light source, creating a bright ring effect during an eclipse.

Troposphere

Lowest layer of the atmosphere, containing most weather phenomena.

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Stratosphere

Layer above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer, where most commercial jets fly.

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Mesosphere

Layer above the stratosphere where most meteors burn up.

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Thermosphere

Uppermost layer of the atmosphere, characterized by high temperatures due to solar radiation absorption.

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Exosphere

The outermost layer of the atmosphere, gradually fading into outer space, where satellites are often found.

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Evaporation

Process of a liquid changing into a gas, like water turning into vapor.

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Condensation

Process of a gas changing into a liquid, like water vapor forming clouds.

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Precipitation

Water falling from the atmosphere to the Earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

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Transpiration

The process of water evaporating from plants through tiny openings called stomata.

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Runoff

Excess precipitation that flows over the ground, creating rivers and lakes.

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Denitrification

The process of converting nitrate into nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide.

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Desalination

The process of removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water.

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Diverging Lens

A lens that spreads out light, creating a smaller, virtual image that appears upright.

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Rayleigh Scattering

The scattering of light by particles smaller than the wavelength of light, explaining why the sky appears blue.

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Light Interference

The phenomenon of multiple light waves interacting, causing alternating light and dark bands, as seen with double-slit experiments.

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Reflection

The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to water.

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Energy Release

The release of energy when a system transitions from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.

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Photon

A quantum of energy that carries light, explained by the photoelectric effect.

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Photoelectric Effect

The emission of electrons from a material when light shines on it, illustrating the particle nature of light.

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Isochoric Process

A thermodynamic process where the volume of a system remains constant.

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Isobaric Process

A thermodynamic process where the pressure of a system remains constant.

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Isothermal Process

A thermodynamic process occurring at a constant temperature, where work is done to maintain thermal equilibrium.

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Adiabatic Process

A thermodynamic process where no heat is exchanged with the surroundings, and internal energy changes only through work.

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Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact between molecules.

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Convection

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (gases or liquids).

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Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation, like the sun warming the Earth.

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Study Notes

Phases of the Moon

  • The Moon's phases are its changing appearances as seen from Earth, caused by the changing positions of the Moon relative to the Sun and Earth.
  • Solar eclipse occurs during a new moon phase.
  • Lunar eclipse occurs during a full moon phase.
  • Umbra: The darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked. A total occultation is experienced.
  • Penumbra: The area around the umbra where only a portion of the light source is blocked. A partial eclipse occurs here.
  • Antumbra: The region where the occluding body appears entirely within the disc of the light source. An annular eclipse is observed, a bright ring around the eclipsing body

Layers of the Atmosphere

  • Troposphere: The lowest layer, extending from ground level to about 10 km (6.2 miles). Air pressure and temperature decrease with altitude.
  • Stratosphere: Above the troposphere, extending up to 50 km. Contains the ozone layer, important for absorbing UV radiation. Commercial jets fly here.
  • Mesosphere: Extends up to about 85 km. Most meteors burn up in this layer. Temperatures decrease with altitude.
  • Thermosphere (Ionosphere): Extends to 500-1000 km. High energy UV and X-rays from the Sun cause high temperatures. The Kármán Line is the boundary between atmosphere and space (about 100km).
  • Exosphere: The uppermost layer. The region between 100,000 km and 190,000 km from the Earth's surface.

Water Cycle Processes

  • Evaporation: Liquid to gas
  • Condensation: Gas to liquid
  • Precipitation: Condensation particles grow too large and fall as rain, hail, snow or sleet.
  • Transpiration: Evaporation of water from plants
  • Runoff: Excess precipitation flows into rivers and lakes

Chemical Reactions

  • Combination Reaction: Two compounds combine to form a single one (A + B → AB)
  • Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into multiple ones (AB → A + B)
  • Precipitation Reaction: Two soluble salts react forming an insoluble solid (precipitate) (A + B → C + D)
  • Neutralization Reaction: An acid reacts with a base, forming a salt and water (Acid + Base → Salt + Water)
  • Combustion Reaction: An element or compound reacts rapidly with oxygen producing heat and light (A + O2 → H2O + CO2)
  • Displacement Reaction: One element displaces another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B)

Properties of Metals

  • State: Solid at room temperature, except mercury (liquid).
  • Luster: Reflect light, can be polished.
  • Malleability: Can be hammered into thin sheets.
  • Ductility: Can be drawn into wires.
  • Hardness: Generally hard, except some soft metals like sodium and potassium.
  • Valency: Typically have 1-3 valence electrons.
  • Conductors: Good conductors of heat and electricity.
  • Density: Generally high densities.
  • Melting/Boiling Points: Generally high melting and boiling points.

Other Concepts

  • pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity of substances. A scale from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral.
  • Nucleic Acids: Responsible for genetic information, with organic compounds including carbon chains.
  • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
  • Atomic Mass: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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