38 Questions
Before the Middle Ages, pharmacy and medicine were practiced?
together without a conscious effort of specialization
What was unique about the healing profession during ancient times?
It involved the employment of supernatural powers and religion
What did the Greeks seek around 460 BC?
A rational explanation for the treatment of diseases
What did the Greeks do when lay medicine failed?
They streamed into the temples for healing
Who is the god of light and the sun in Greek and Roman mythology?
Apollo
Who is Apollo's father?
Zeus
What is Asclepius often depicted with?
A snake-entwined staff
What was Apollo's role in ancient Greek and Roman mythology?
God of medicine and healing
What is Apollo associated with in terms of medicine and healing?
Medicine and healing, either directly or through his son Asclepius
Who is the Greek god of medicine and healing?
Asclepius
How many daughters did Asclepius have?
Five
Where was Asclepius' most famous sanctuary located?
Epidaurus
What is the main attribute of Asclepius?
A physician's staff with an Asclepian snake wrapped around it
What does the name Asclepius mean?
To cut open
Why was Asclepius' mother killed?
For being unfaithful to Apollo
Who rescued Asclepius from his mother's womb?
His father
What was the title changed to from 'trainee dispenser'?
Trainee pharmacist
How long did the trainee pharmacist course last?
3 years
What was the outcome of completing an apprenticeship and passing the government druggists qualifying examination?
Certified as a master of his own
Who instituted night classes in both theory and practical in Pharmacy?
Mr. Allman
What was the purpose of the night classes instituted by Mr. Allman?
To allow more people to become qualified pharmacists
What characterizes the older generations still in practice?
They were all products of the various courses
What led to a gap in pharmaceutical services?
Apothecaries' focus on medical practice
What was the outcome of the bill passed in England in 1851?
Recognition of chemists and druggists as dispensers and vendors of drugs and medicines
What was the main objective of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain?
To establish a system of education and examination for druggists and chemists
When did the government of Ghana decide to establish a school to train personnel to dispense doctors' prescriptions?
1897
Who was recruited to train local personnel in the act of dispensing in Ghana?
Sergeant Hart
What was the entrance qualification for the training program in Ghana?
Standard 7
What was the duration of the training program in Ghana?
2 years
What was the maximum enrolment for the training program in Ghana?
3
What is the purpose of the Food and Drugs Law 1992, PNDCL 305B?
To provide for the fortification of salt to alleviate nutritional deficiencies
Which of the following is a subgroup of PSGH?
GHOSPA
What is the role of the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA)?
To control the sale of drugs and food
What was the Pharmacy and Drugs Act 64, 1961, responsible for?
Regulating the practice of pharmacy profession
What is PSGH?
Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana
What is the purpose of the Food and Drugs (Amendment) Act 523, 1996?
To bring the provisions of the law in conformity with the 1992 constitution
What is the full form of heFRA?
Health Facilities Regulatory Agency
What is the purpose of the Health Facilities Regulatory Agency (heFRA)?
To establish standards for health facilities
Study Notes
Before the Middle Ages (5th - 15th Century)
- Pharmacy and medicine were practiced together without specialization.
- There were no defined medical practitioners or pharmacists.
- Healing practitioners employed supernatural powers and religion in addition to drugs and natural products.
Ancient Greece
- The Greeks sought rational explanations for the treatment of diseases around 460 BC.
- They did not reject religion and placed the supernatural in a separate category.
- Asclepius and Apollo were the greatest healing gods in Greek mythology.
- Apollo was the god of light, truth, prophecy, medicine, healing, plague, music, poetry, arts, and archery.
- Apollo was worshiped in both ancient Greek and Roman mythology.
- Asclepius was the Greek god of medicine and healing, son of Apollo and Coronis.
- Asclepius had five daughters: Aceso, Iaso, Panacea, Aglea, and Hygieia.
Symbol of Pharmacy
- The symbol of pharmacy is a physician's staff with an Asclepian snake wrapped around it.
- This symbol is attributed to Asclepius, who received the name "to cut open" due to the circumstances surrounding his birth.
History of Pharmacy in Ghana
- In 1897, the government of Ghana (then Gold Coast) decided to establish a school to train personnel to dispense doctors' prescriptions.
- The early organization of the training is not clear, but in about 1923, Sergeant Hart was recruited to train local personnel in dispensing at the only hospital in Accra.
- The course content was upgraded, and the title "trainee dispenser" changed to "trainee pharmacist".
- A 3-year course was introduced, and successful candidates passed out with a certificate of competency.
- The apprenticeship training scheme emerged, where a would-be dispenser registers as an apprentice of a qualified dispenser and understudies him in the shop for a period.
Laws and Regulations Governing Pharmacy Practice
- The Food and Drugs Board (FDB) was established by the Food and Drugs Law 1992, PNDCL 305B.
- The law has since been amended by the Food and Drugs (Amendment) Act 523, 1996 to provide for the fortification of salt to alleviate nutritional deficiencies and to bring the provisions of the law in conformity with the 1992 constitution.
- Before 1990, the control of drugs and the practice of pharmacy profession were under the Pharmacy and Drugs Act 64, 1961.
Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana (PSGH)
- The PSGH has a constitution, bye-laws, and a code of ethics.
- Sub-groups of PSGH include GHOSPA, CPPA, LAPAG, ARSPA, GPSA, IPA, and AREPI.
Learn about the early days of pharmacy and medicine, when they were practiced together without specialization and how the healing profession evolved.
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