38 Questions
What is pharmacology the science of?
Deals with drugs and how they affect cells
What is the function of drugs?
To stimulate or inhibit existing cell functions
What is pharmacokinetics the study of?
The rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug molecules
What is pharmacodynamics?
What drugs do to the body and how they do it
What are the five sources of drugs?
Plants, Animals, Microorganisms, Minerals and Synthetic
What is the type of dosage form that contains drug substance with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods?
Solid dosage form
What is the purpose of oral tablets?
To release the medicament within the gastrointestinal tract for absorption into the systemic circulation
What are the three types of solid dosage forms?
Tablets, Capsules and Powders
What is the advantage of tablets in terms of preparation?
Simplicity and economy of preparation
What is an advantage of capsules for patients?
Ease of administration
What type of powders are packaged individually?
Divided powders
What is a characteristic of ointments?
They are semi-solid and greasy
What is the purpose of creams?
To exert emollient or moisturizing effects on the skin
What is the characteristic of suppositories?
They are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the rectum
What is similar between pessaries and suppositories?
They are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion
What is a characteristic of bulk powders?
They contain non-potent medicaments
What is the main advantage of sublingual administration?
All of the above
What is a disadvantage of rectal administration?
Not suitable in case of piles
What is the main site for intramuscular injection?
Gluteal muscle
What is a disadvantage of intravenous injection?
All of the above
What is an advantage of subcutaneous administration?
Slow absorption for sustained effects
What is a characteristic of sublingual administration?
Avoids first pass metabolism
What is an advantage of rectal administration?
Suitable for drugs affected by digestive enzymes
What is a characteristic of intradermal injection?
All of the above
What is the main purpose of intrathecal injection?
Treating fungal Meningitis
What is the advantage of inhalation as a route of administration?
Rapid onset and elimination
What is the purpose of intracardiac injection?
Resuscitation
What is the route of administration of nitroglycerine patches?
Transdermal
What is the purpose of intra-articular injection?
Treating severe rheumatic pain
What is the route of administration used to treat allergies and infections in the eye?
In the eye
What is a solution in pharmaceutical terms?
A homogeneous mixture of a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid
What is the purpose of flavored syrups?
To mask unpleasant tastes
What is the characteristic of an emulsion?
A two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids
What is the purpose of nasal solutions?
To produce a local effect in the nasal passages or to produce a systemic effect in many diseases
What is the characteristic of a suspension?
A two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersion in a liquid
What is the purpose of mouthwashes?
To treat infections of the mouth and to maintain oral hygiene
What is the characteristic of parenteral preparations?
They are sterile dosage forms containing one or more medicaments and designed for parenteral administration
What is the characteristic of an injection?
A sterile solution, suspension or emulsion in a suitable aqueous vehicle
Study Notes
General Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the science that deals with drugs, their effects on cells, and their mechanisms of action.
- Drugs are chemical agents that stimulate or inhibit existing cell functions, but do not create new ones.
Divisions of General Pharmacology
- Pharmacokinetics: The study of the rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drug molecules.
- Pharmacodynamics: The study of what drugs do to the body (pharmacological effects) and how they do it (mechanism of drug action).
- Pharmacotherapeutic process: The process of using drugs to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.
Sources of Drugs
- Plants: Examples include Belladonna, Atropine, Digitalis, and Ephedrine.
- Animals: Examples include Pig and bovine Insulin.
- Microorganisms: Examples include Penicillin and Streptomycin.
- Minerals: Examples include Iron preparations.
- Synthetic drugs: Most drugs are synthetic.
Dosage Forms
Solid Dosage Forms
- Tablets: Solid dosage forms containing a drug substance with or without suitable diluents, prepared by compression or molding methods.
- Capsules: Solid dosage forms where the drug is placed in either a hard or soft gelatin shell.
- Powders: Divided into bulk powders and divided powders, used for internal use.
Semi-Solid Dosage Forms
- Creams: Aqueous creams are non-greasy, used to exert emollient or moisturizing effects on the skin or to deliver drugs for percutaneous absorption.
- Ointments: Semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum, or nasal mucosa.
- Pastes: Used to deliver drugs for topical application.
- Gels: Used to deliver drugs for topical application.
Molded Solid Dosage Forms
- Suppositories: Solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the rectum.
- Pessaries: Solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina.
Liquid Dosage Forms
- Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of a solid, liquid, or gas in another liquid.
- Syrups: Concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, usually sucrose.
- Elixirs: Sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions.
- Tinctures: Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions containing herbal extracts.
- Gargles: Aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections.
- Mouthwashes: Used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth.
- Nasal solutions: Aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays.
- Suspensions: Two-phase systems consisting of a finely divided solid dispersion in a liquid.
- Emulsions: Two-phase systems prepared by combining two immiscible liquids.
Sterile Dosage Forms
- Parenteral preparations: Sterile dosage forms containing one or more medicaments designed for parenteral administration.
- Injections: Sterile solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a suitable aqueous vehicle.
- Sublingual preparations: Placed under the tongue, e.g., Nitroglycerine, Isoprenaline, Clonidine, Nifedipine, and Methyl-testosterone.
- Rectal preparations: Suppositories, e.g., for irritant drugs or in children.
- Intraurethral preparations: Used for local effects.
Administration Routes
- (A) Oral administration: The most common route, but may be affected by gastrointestinal enzymes and first-pass metabolism.
- (B) Parenteral administration:
- Intadermal injection: Used for sensitivity tests and vaccination.
- Subcutaneous injection: Used for non-irritant substances, provides slow absorption for sustained drug effects.
- Intramuscular injection: Used for irritant substances, provides rapid absorption.
- Intravenous injection: Used for rapid onset and emergency situations.
- Intra-arterial: Used for experimental purposes.
- Intracardiac injection: Used for resuscitation.
- Intrathecal injection: Used for treating fungal meningitis.
- Intra-articular injection: Used for severe rheumatic pain.
- Intraperitoneal injection: Used for experimental work.
- (C) Inhalation: Used for rapid onset and emergency situations, e.g., Nitrous oxide, volatile ether, and liquid aerosol.
- (D) Transdermal: Used for sustained delivery of drugs, e.g., scopolamine, nicotine patches, and nitroglycerine.
- (E) In the eye: Used for treating allergies and infections, especially in corneal ulcers.
This quiz covers liquid dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It specifically focuses on solutions, syrups, and their characteristics in pharmacy.
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