Pharmacology Volume of Distribution Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the volume of distribution formula?

Urine drug concentration/plasma concentration

Dose given/urine concentration

Total amount of drug in the body/plasma concentration (correct)

Dose given/plasma concentration

What pharmacological target does ritonavir primarily affect?

Neuraminidase

HIV reverse transcriptase

HIV viral integration

HIV protease (correct)

How does sucralfate help in peptic ulcer disease?

Reduces gastric acid secretion from parietal cells

Binds to glycoproteins forming a protective cap over the ulcer (correct)

Is toxic to Helicobacter pylori

Decreases prostaglandin synthesis

Which histamine receptor is involved in the dilation of post-capillary venules?

H1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron?

Block of 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors?

Increases vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Denosumab is best described as which of the following?

RANK ligand inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect can prolonged systemic use of synthetic glucocorticoids lead to?

Increased risk of opportunistic infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of digoxin on the sodium/potassium ATPase?

Inhibited by digoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major side effect of amiodarone?

Pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which drug reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the formation of aqueous humour?

Timolol Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind aspirin sensitivity in patients with asthma?

Shunting of arachidonic acid towards leukotriene synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Allopurinol primarily operates by which of the following mechanisms?

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase Signup and view all the answers

How does metronidazole exert its pharmacological effects?

Conversion to a cytotoxic compound by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological target of erlotinib?

EGFR Signup and view all the answers

When prescribing a bronchodilator with adrenergic side effects, what clinical sign should be monitored?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a mosquito feeds on human blood regarding malaria transmission?

It injects sporozoites into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

When a drug becomes ionized, what is the expected change in the Log P value?

The Log P decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What does a time-concentration plot for a drug provide useful data about?

The elimination half-life. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes an adverse drug reaction?

It can often be predicted based on pharmacological profiles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Health Products Regulatory Authority?

To license over-the-counter medications. Signup and view all the answers

Lisinopril primarily inhibits which enzyme?

Angiotensin converting enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

Thiazide diuretics act by inhibiting which transporter in the nephron?

Na+/Cl. Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the mechanism of action of Verapamil?

Calcium channel blocker. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the FSH/LH surge to release an ovum after the onset of menstruation?

Sustained low concentration of oestrogens for about 36 hours Signup and view all the answers

Where is testosterone primarily synthesized?

The interstitial cells of the testes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about quinine is correct?

It is a potent blood schizonticidal against all four species of the malaria parasite. Signup and view all the answers

Dihydrotestosterone modifies gene transcription by interacting with which type of receptors?

Intracellular receptors Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of tibolone as a synthetic steroid?

It has no androgenic and progestogenic properties but has oestrogenic properties. Signup and view all the answers

What does TD50 refer to in pharmacology?

The dose that causes a toxic effect in 50% of the population Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide co-transmitter is included among the candidates?

Substance P Signup and view all the answers

How do anticholinesterases affect neuromuscular blockade?

They increase non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sodium/Potassium ATPase Inhibition

Sodium/potassium ATPase is inhibited by digoxin.
Levosimendan activates the enzyme.

Amiodarone Side Effects

An important side effect of amiodarone (Class III antiarrhythmic drug) is hyperthyroidism.
Other side effects include photosensitivity and pulmonary fibrosis.
Visual disturbances are also a possible side effect.

Glaucoma Treatment

Timolol is a drug used topically to decrease intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma.
It decreases aqueous humor formation.

Aspirin Sensitivity in Asthma

Young asthma patients with "aspirin sensitivity" experience bronchospasm due to airway smooth muscle hypersensitivity to salicylates.
A likely explanation is the shunting of arachidonic acid toward leukotriene synthesis.

Allopurinol Mechanism

Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, reducing uric acid formation.
This prevents the reabsorption of uric acid, therefore decreasing its concentration.

Metronidazole Mechanism

Metronidazole's mechanism involves its conversion to a cytotoxic compound by the enzyme pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

Erlotinib Target

Erlotinib targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors increase vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
These inhibitors also increase the breakdown of cGMP.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) facilitates the peripheral action of Thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Hypothyroidism Exacerbation

Agents like carbimazole can exacerbate hypothyroidism.
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine are used to treat hypothyroidism.

Denosumab Function

Denosumab is a RANK ligand inhibitor.

Glucocorticoid Effects

Prolonged use of synthetic glucocorticoids can increase the risk of opportunistic infections.
Cortisol production and weight loss can also be affected.

Aspirin and Platelet Activation

Aspirin inhibits the production of thromboxane, a platelet activator.

Warfarin Reversal

Vitamin K can reverse the effects of warfarin.

Mosquito Transmission

Mosquitoes inject sporozoites into the human bloodstream, initiating the malaria cycle.
Injected sporozoites develop into gametocytes (male and female).

Drug Ionization and Log P

Drug ionization affects the Log P value which is a measure of the drug's lipophilicity.
Log P can either increase, decrease or remain unchanged when ionization occurs.

Adverse Drug Reactions

Adverse drug reactions can occur due to dose errors, drug metabolism issues, or idiosyncratic reactions.
Such reactions are not uncommon in patients over 65 years of age.

Lisinopril Enzyme Inhibition

Lisinopril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Thiazide Diuretic Action

Thiazide diuretics inhibit the Na+/Cl− transporter in the nephron.

Verapamil Mechanism

Verapamil blocks calcium channels.

Isoniazid Metabolism and Toxicity

Slow metabolizers of isoniazid are more susceptible to increased hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Estrogen and Follicular Phase

Estrogens, during the follicular phase, necessitate low concentrations for FSH/LH surge, to promote ovum release, and prepare the uterus for implantation.

Testosterone Production

Testosterone is primarily produced by interstitial cells in the testes.

Quinine Action

Quinine is a blood schizontocide, effective against all four malaria parasite species, important for radical cure and prophylaxis.

Dihydrotestosterone Mechanism

Dihydrotestosterone modifies gene transcription by interacting with intracellular receptors.

Tibolone Properties

Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with oestrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic properties.
It is used to treat some aplastic anemias.

Acetylcholine Receptors

Acetylcholine promotes the release of acetylcholine via nicotinic muscle and muscarinic M2 receptors.

Anticholinesterase Effects

Anticholinesterases increase non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade.

Tubocurare Action

Tubocurare binds to acetylcholine binding sites and/or ion channels on nicotinic receptors.

Ergotamine Pharmacodynamics

Ergotamine causes vasoconstriction through a-adrenergic receptor.

Drug Efficacy Factors

The effector domain of a drug determines safety, efficacy, and metabolism related to receptor affinity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the volume of distribution in pharmacology. This quiz covers the formula, significance, and applications of the volume of distribution in drug distribution and dosing. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of medicine and pharmacy.