Pharmacology Volume of Distribution Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the volume of distribution formula?

  • Urine drug concentration/plasma concentration
  • Dose given/urine concentration
  • Total amount of drug in the body/plasma concentration (correct)
  • Dose given/plasma concentration

What pharmacological target does ritonavir primarily affect?

  • Neuraminidase
  • HIV reverse transcriptase
  • HIV viral integration
  • HIV protease (correct)

How does sucralfate help in peptic ulcer disease?

  • Reduces gastric acid secretion from parietal cells
  • Binds to glycoproteins forming a protective cap over the ulcer (correct)
  • Is toxic to Helicobacter pylori
  • Decreases prostaglandin synthesis

Which histamine receptor is involved in the dilation of post-capillary venules?

<p>H1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron?

<p>Block of 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors?

<p>Increases vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Denosumab is best described as which of the following?

<p>RANK ligand inhibitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect can prolonged systemic use of synthetic glucocorticoids lead to?

<p>Increased risk of opportunistic infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of digoxin on the sodium/potassium ATPase?

<p>Inhibited by digoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major side effect of amiodarone?

<p>Pulmonary fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the formation of aqueous humour?

<p>Timolol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind aspirin sensitivity in patients with asthma?

<p>Shunting of arachidonic acid towards leukotriene synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allopurinol primarily operates by which of the following mechanisms?

<p>Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does metronidazole exert its pharmacological effects?

<p>Conversion to a cytotoxic compound by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological target of erlotinib?

<p>EGFR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When prescribing a bronchodilator with adrenergic side effects, what clinical sign should be monitored?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a mosquito feeds on human blood regarding malaria transmission?

<p>It injects sporozoites into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a drug becomes ionized, what is the expected change in the Log P value?

<p>The Log P decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a time-concentration plot for a drug provide useful data about?

<p>The elimination half-life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes an adverse drug reaction?

<p>It can often be predicted based on pharmacological profiles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Health Products Regulatory Authority?

<p>To license over-the-counter medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lisinopril primarily inhibits which enzyme?

<p>Angiotensin converting enzyme. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazide diuretics act by inhibiting which transporter in the nephron?

<p>Na+/Cl. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the mechanism of action of Verapamil?

<p>Calcium channel blocker. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the FSH/LH surge to release an ovum after the onset of menstruation?

<p>Sustained low concentration of oestrogens for about 36 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is testosterone primarily synthesized?

<p>The interstitial cells of the testes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about quinine is correct?

<p>It is a potent blood schizonticidal against all four species of the malaria parasite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dihydrotestosterone modifies gene transcription by interacting with which type of receptors?

<p>Intracellular receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of tibolone as a synthetic steroid?

<p>It has no androgenic and progestogenic properties but has oestrogenic properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TD50 refer to in pharmacology?

<p>The dose that causes a toxic effect in 50% of the population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide co-transmitter is included among the candidates?

<p>Substance P (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do anticholinesterases affect neuromuscular blockade?

<p>They increase non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sodium/potassium ATPase

An enzyme that pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, requiring energy (ATP). It is crucial for maintaining cell membrane potential and nerve impulse transmission.

Digoxin

A drug that inhibits the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, leading to increased intracellular calcium and stronger heart contractions. It is used to treat heart failure and some arrhythmias.

Levosimendan

A drug that increases calcium sensitivity in the heart muscle, making it contract more forcefully. It does not directly affect the sodium/potassium ATPase.

Amiodarone

A class III antiarrhythmic drug that blocks potassium channels in the heart, prolonging the action potential duration and slowing down heart rate. It is used to treat various heart rhythm disorders.

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Pulmonary fibrosis

A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe. It can be a rare side effect of amiodarone.

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Pilocarpine

A drug used to treat glaucoma, it works by constricting the pupil and improving drainage of fluid from the eye.

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Timolol

A beta-blocker used to treat glaucoma, it works by reducing the production of fluid in the eye, lowering pressure.

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Aspirin sensitivity

A condition where even small doses of aspirin (and similar drugs) can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthmatic patients.

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Volume of distribution

A measure of how much drug distributes throughout the body relative to the plasma concentration.

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What is the pharmacological target of ritonavir?

Ritonavir inhibits the action of HIV protease, an enzyme crucial for viral replication.

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How does sucralfate work for peptic ulcers?

Sucralfate binds to glycoproteins forming a protective layer over the ulcer, shielding it from stomach acid.

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Which histamine receptor mediates dilation of post-capillary venules?

H1 receptor activation leads to vasodilation of post-capillary venules.

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What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron?

Ondansetron blocks serotonin (5-HT3) receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, preventing nausea and vomiting.

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What is the effect of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor?

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors increase vasodilation by preventing the breakdown of cGMP.

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Which anterior pituitary hormone does IGF-1 mediate?

IGF-1 mediates the peripheral action of growth hormone, contributing to growth and development.

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Which agent is most likely to exacerbate hypothyroidism?

Carbimazole, an antithyroid drug, can worsen hypothyroidism by further reducing thyroid hormone production.

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Malaria Cycle Start

When a mosquito feeds on human blood, it injects sporozoites into the bloodstream, beginning the malaria cycle in the human host.

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Log P and Ionization

When a drug becomes ionized, its Log P (lipid-water partition coefficient) generally decreases. This means it becomes more water-soluble.

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Time-Concentration Plot

A time-concentration plot graphs a drug's concentration in the body over time. It provides valuable information, like the drug's elimination half-life.

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Adverse Drug Reaction

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unexpected and unintended effect of a medicine. It can occur even when the medicine is used correctly.

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Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA)

The HPRA is the national medicines regulatory authority in Ireland. It evaluates and licenses medicines for human use.

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Lisinopril's Target

Lisinopril specifically inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the body.

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Thiazide Diuretic Mechanism

Thiazide diuretics block the Na+/Cl- transporter in the nephron of the kidney, leading to increased urine production.

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Verapamil's Mechanism

Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It works by blocking the flow of calcium ions across the cell membrane.

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Oestrogen's Role in Follicular Phase

Oestrogen levels are low during the follicular phase, stimulating the release of GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus, which then triggers the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.

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Oestrogen's Role in Ovulation

A sustained low concentration of oestrogen for about 36 hours is required before the LH surge occurs, leading to the release of the ovum (egg).

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Testosterone Synthesis

Testosterone is primarily synthesized in the interstitial cells of the testes. These cells contain the necessary enzymes for its production.

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Dihydrotestosterone's Action

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) interacts with intracellular receptors. This interaction modifies gene transcription, ultimately influencing various male characteristics.

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Quinine's Effect

Quinine is a potent blood schizonticidal drug, effective against all four species of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium).

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Peptide Co-transmitters

Peptide co-transmitters are substances that work alongside neurotransmitters. Substance P is one example, acting as a co-transmitter in the nervous system.

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Anticholinesterase Overdose

Anticholinesterase overdose leads to impaired central nervous system function. This occurs due to excessive accumulation of acetylcholine, disrupting nerve impulses.

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Acetylcholine Release - Nicotinic Receptors

Acetylcholine promotes its own release at the nicotinic receptors present in skeletal muscle.

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Study Notes

Sodium/Potassium ATPase Inhibition

  • Sodium/potassium ATPase is inhibited by digoxin.
  • Levosimendan activates the enzyme.

Amiodarone Side Effects

  • An important side effect of amiodarone (Class III antiarrhythmic drug) is hyperthyroidism.
  • Other side effects include photosensitivity and pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Visual disturbances are also a possible side effect.

Glaucoma Treatment

  • Timolol is a drug used topically to decrease intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma.
  • It decreases aqueous humor formation.

Aspirin Sensitivity in Asthma

  • Young asthma patients with "aspirin sensitivity" experience bronchospasm due to airway smooth muscle hypersensitivity to salicylates.
  • A likely explanation is the shunting of arachidonic acid toward leukotriene synthesis.

Allopurinol Mechanism

  • Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, reducing uric acid formation.
  • This prevents the reabsorption of uric acid, therefore decreasing its concentration.

Metronidazole Mechanism

  • Metronidazole's mechanism involves its conversion to a cytotoxic compound by the enzyme pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

Erlotinib Target

  • Erlotinib targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors

  • Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors increase vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
  • These inhibitors also increase the breakdown of cGMP.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

  • Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) facilitates the peripheral action of Thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Hypothyroidism Exacerbation

  • Agents like carbimazole can exacerbate hypothyroidism.
  • Levothyroxine and Liothyronine are used to treat hypothyroidism.

Denosumab Function

  • Denosumab is a RANK ligand inhibitor.

Glucocorticoid Effects

  • Prolonged use of synthetic glucocorticoids can increase the risk of opportunistic infections.
  • Cortisol production and weight loss can also be affected.

Aspirin and Platelet Activation

  • Aspirin inhibits the production of thromboxane, a platelet activator.

Warfarin Reversal

  • Vitamin K can reverse the effects of warfarin.

Mosquito Transmission

  • Mosquitoes inject sporozoites into the human bloodstream, initiating the malaria cycle.
  • Injected sporozoites develop into gametocytes (male and female).

Drug Ionization and Log P

  • Drug ionization affects the Log P value which is a measure of the drug's lipophilicity.
  • Log P can either increase, decrease or remain unchanged when ionization occurs.

Adverse Drug Reactions

  • Adverse drug reactions can occur due to dose errors, drug metabolism issues, or idiosyncratic reactions.
  • Such reactions are not uncommon in patients over 65 years of age.

Lisinopril Enzyme Inhibition

  • Lisinopril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Thiazide Diuretic Action

  • Thiazide diuretics inhibit the Na+/Cl− transporter in the nephron.

Verapamil Mechanism

  • Verapamil blocks calcium channels.

Isoniazid Metabolism and Toxicity

  • Slow metabolizers of isoniazid are more susceptible to increased hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Estrogen and Follicular Phase

  • Estrogens, during the follicular phase, necessitate low concentrations for FSH/LH surge, to promote ovum release, and prepare the uterus for implantation.

Testosterone Production

  • Testosterone is primarily produced by interstitial cells in the testes.

Quinine Action

  • Quinine is a blood schizontocide, effective against all four malaria parasite species, important for radical cure and prophylaxis.

Dihydrotestosterone Mechanism

  • Dihydrotestosterone modifies gene transcription by interacting with intracellular receptors.

Tibolone Properties

  • Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with oestrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic properties.
  • It is used to treat some aplastic anemias.

Acetylcholine Receptors

  • Acetylcholine promotes the release of acetylcholine via nicotinic muscle and muscarinic M2 receptors.

Anticholinesterase Effects

  • Anticholinesterases increase non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade.

Tubocurare Action

  • Tubocurare binds to acetylcholine binding sites and/or ion channels on nicotinic receptors.

Ergotamine Pharmacodynamics

  • Ergotamine causes vasoconstriction through a-adrenergic receptor.

Drug Efficacy Factors

  • The effector domain of a drug determines safety, efficacy, and metabolism related to receptor affinity.

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