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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a subfield of pharmacology?
Which of the following is not a subfield of pharmacology?
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacoengineering (correct)
- Pharmacotherapy
What is pharmacology?
What is pharmacology?
- Te study of the interaction of drugs with biological or physiological systems (correct)
- The process of drug formation
- The study of pharmaceutical forms
- The study of drug names
What is bioavailability?
What is bioavailability?
- The portion of drug that reaches the systemic circulation without undergoing chemical reaction (correct)
- The dose that produces te desired therapeutic effect
- The process of mixing active drug with inactive excipients
- The amount of drug administration within a 24 hour period
According to Paracelsus, what distinguishes a drug from a poison?
According to Paracelsus, what distinguishes a drug from a poison?
Which of the following is not a type of treatment?
Which of the following is not a type of treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of a drug?
Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of a drug?
Drugs can be derived from which of the following natural sources?
Drugs can be derived from which of the following natural sources?
What is the dose that causes death called?
What is the dose that causes death called?
What is diagnosis?
What is diagnosis?
What is treatment?
What is treatment?
What pharmaceutical form is described as slowly dissolving in the mouth providing a localized effect?
What pharmaceutical form is described as slowly dissolving in the mouth providing a localized effect?
What are prepared forms of drugs, such as tablets and ampoules, called?
What are prepared forms of drugs, such as tablets and ampoules, called?
What type of tablet is designed to dissolve in the intestines?
What type of tablet is designed to dissolve in the intestines?
Which pharmaceutical form involves a special coating to prevent dissolving in the stomach?
Which pharmaceutical form involves a special coating to prevent dissolving in the stomach?
A tablet that is placed between the cheek and gum is called a...?
A tablet that is placed between the cheek and gum is called a...?
What do cylindrical gelatin shells that encase solid or liquid drugs form?
What do cylindrical gelatin shells that encase solid or liquid drugs form?
What are small volume solutions used externally for eyes, ears or nose called?
What are small volume solutions used externally for eyes, ears or nose called?
What is the primary requirement for a drug to be effective in a specific location?
What is the primary requirement for a drug to be effective in a specific location?
When administering drugs, what two factors must be carefully determined?
When administering drugs, what two factors must be carefully determined?
Routes of drug application are primarily divided into which two categories?
Routes of drug application are primarily divided into which two categories?
What primarily influences the choice of drug administration route?
What primarily influences the choice of drug administration route?
What does pharmacodynamics primarily examine?
What does pharmacodynamics primarily examine?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily examine?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily examine?
Which of the following is NOT a main process involved in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a main process involved in pharmacokinetics?
What is drug absorption?
What is drug absorption?
Which of the following is not a local application route for a drug?
Which of the following is not a local application route for a drug?
I.Suspension II. Coated tablet III.Capsule IV.Solution V.Tablet VI.Emulsion Which option correctly lists the order of absorption from most to least?
I.Suspension II. Coated tablet III.Capsule IV.Solution V.Tablet VI.Emulsion Which option correctly lists the order of absorption from most to least?
Which transport methods both require a carrier protein?
Which transport methods both require a carrier protein?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main phases of pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main phases of pharmacokinetics?
''The percentage of an active drug that reaches systemic circulation'' defines which concept?
''The percentage of an active drug that reaches systemic circulation'' defines which concept?
In which pharmacokinetic phase does drug elimination occur?
In which pharmacokinetic phase does drug elimination occur?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of pharmacotherapy?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of pharmacotherapy?
In which organ does drug biotransformation mostly occur?
In which organ does drug biotransformation mostly occur?
Which of the following is NOT an enteral drug administraiton route?
Which of the following is NOT an enteral drug administraiton route?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic drug administration route?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic drug administration route?
Which of the following is one of the most important factors affecting drug distribution?
Which of the following is one of the most important factors affecting drug distribution?
Which of the following is an advantage of intravenous drug administration?
Which of the following is an advantage of intravenous drug administration?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting drug distribution in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting drug distribution in the body?
Which of the following drug forms administered via inhalation?
Which of the following drug forms administered via inhalation?
Which pharmacological term refers to ''the ratio of a drug's therapeutic dose to its toxic dose''?
Which pharmacological term refers to ''the ratio of a drug's therapeutic dose to its toxic dose''?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug elimination?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug elimination?
What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?
What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?
At which stage does the drug enter circulation in the body?
At which stage does the drug enter circulation in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic process?
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic process?
What type of transport allows a drug to cross the cell membrane using energy?
What type of transport allows a drug to cross the cell membrane using energy?
Which pharmaceutical form has the fastest absorption?
Which pharmaceutical form has the fastest absorption?
Weak acidic drugs are better absorbed in which pH environment?
Weak acidic drugs are better absorbed in which pH environment?
Where is an orally administered drug mostly absorbed?
Where is an orally administered drug mostly absorbed?
Which of the following does NOT affect drug distribution?
Which of the following does NOT affect drug distribution?
How do antagonist drugs work?
How do antagonist drugs work?
Which of the following is an example of an example of an agonist drug?
Which of the following is an example of an example of an agonist drug?
Which of the following is true about passive diffusion?
Which of the following is true about passive diffusion?
What differentiates facilitated diffusion from passive diffision?
What differentiates facilitated diffusion from passive diffision?
Which factor increases the absorption rate of a drug?
Which factor increases the absorption rate of a drug?
Which organ is primarily responsible for drug elimination?
Which organ is primarily responsible for drug elimination?
What is the main goal of metabolism?
What is the main goal of metabolism?
What is the metabolic process that activates a drug?
What is the metabolic process that activates a drug?
What does the half-life of a drug represent?
What does the half-life of a drug represent?
In which tissue do lipophilic drugs accumulate the most?
In which tissue do lipophilic drugs accumulate the most?
Which statement is true for a drug administered intravenously?
Which statement is true for a drug administered intravenously?
Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
What is pharmacology?
The study of the interaction of drugs with biological systems.
What is bioavailability?
What is bioavailability?
The amount of drug that reaches the bloodstream without being changed.
Drug vs. Poison (Paracelsus)
Drug vs. Poison (Paracelsus)
The dose.
What is treatment?
What is treatment?
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What is diagnosis?
What is diagnosis?
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What is lethal dose?
What is lethal dose?
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Pharmaceutical forms
Pharmaceutical forms
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What are pastilles?
What are pastilles?
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Enteric-coated tablet
Enteric-coated tablet
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Buccal tablet
Buccal tablet
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Excretion
Excretion
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Absorption
Absorption
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Distribution
Distribution
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Study Notes
Algorithmic Complexity
- Measures the time and space resources required for an algorithm to run.
- Time complexity refers to how long an algorithm takes to complete.
- Space complexity refers to how much memory an algorithm requires.
Importance of Algorithmic Complexity
- Allows comparison of the efficiency of different algorithms.
- Helps in thinking about the scalability of algorithms as input size increases.
Measurement
- Big O notation expresses algorithmic complexity.
Big O Notation Explained
- Describes the limiting behavior of a function as its argument approaches a specific value or infinity.
- Classifies algorithms based on how their runtime or space needs increase with input size.
Common Complexities (Best to Worst)
- Constant: $O(1)$ execution time remains constant regardless of input size.
- Logarithmic: $O(log n)$ execution time increases logarithmically with input size.
- Linear: $O(n)$ execution time is directly proportional to input size.
- Linearithmic: $O(n log n)$ execution time increases linearly and logarithmically with input size.
- Quadratic: $O(n^2)$ execution time is proportional to the square of the input size.
- Exponential: $O(2^n)$ execution time doubles with each addition to the input data.
- Factorial: $O(n!)$ execution time is proportional to the factorial of the input size and avoided whenever possible.
- $n$ represents the input size.
Visual Representation of Complexities
- The x-axis represents the "Elements" or input size.
- The y-axis represents the "Operations" or required time/space resources.
- Various curves represent different complexities:
- $O(1)$ is a horizontal line, indicating constant time.
- $O(log n)$ grows very slowly.
- $O(n)$ is a straight line, indicating linear growth.
- $O(n log n)$ grows faster than $O(n)$ but slower than $O(n^2)$.
- $O(n^2)$ grows quadratically.
- $O(2^n)$ grows exponentially.
- $O(n!)$ grows the fastest among the listed complexities.
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