Pharmacology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process where a drug moves from its administration site into the bloodstream?

  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Biotransformation
  • Absorption (correct)

Which of the following defines a substance that binds to a receptor and activates it?

  • Agonist (correct)
  • Antagonist
  • Catalyst
  • Enzyme

What does the term 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacology?

  • The extent a drug is distributed in body tissues.
  • The proportion of a drug that reaches the bloodstream in active form. (correct)
  • The rate at which a drug is metabolized in the liver.
  • The method of drug administration, whether oral or injection.

What type of drug effect is described as unintended and potentially harmful at normal doses?

<p>Adverse Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the process by which the body breaks down drugs?

<p>Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'bolus dose' when referring to drug administration?

<p>A single, large, rapid dose of a drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe unpredictable drug reactions that occur in some individuals due to genetic differences?

<p>Idiosyncratic Effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Parenteral administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how a drug affects the body, including mechanisms of action?

<p>Pharmacodynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves mixing a powdered drug with a liquid?

<p>Reconstitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates a drug?

<p>Pharmacokinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'plasma protein binding' refer to?

<p>The degree to which a drug binds to proteins in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Canadian National Drug Schedules (NDS), which schedule includes prescription-only medications?

<p>Schedule I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Canadian NDS, which drugs are available without a prescription, but must be dispensed by a pharmacist?

<p>Schedule II drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Canadian NDS, medications available for self-selection in a pharmacy under supervision are classified under which schedule?

<p>Schedule III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Schedule I drug in Canada?

<p>Amoxicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect associated with cranberry use?

<p>Increased risk of kidney stones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the medication classification that works by binding to opioid receptors to block pain signals.

<p>Opioid Agonists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of quinolones?

<p>Pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for goldenseal?

<p>Inhibits the growth of bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of quinolones?

<p>Tendonitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a general principle of antibiotic therapy?

<p>Use broad-spectrum antibiotics whenever possible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing consideration for administering antibiotics?

<p>Monitor for signs of tendon pain or swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction of cranberry?

<p>Decreased effectiveness of blood thinners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication requires authorization from a healthcare provider?

<p>Prescription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioids like morphine are categorized under which type of medication due to their potential for abuse?

<p>Controlled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the FDA, which pregnancy safety category indicates a medication is contraindicated during pregnancy?

<p>Category X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

<p>Pharmacokinetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would most likely influence how a medication is metabolized in the body?

<p>Health Status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug reaction is considered a harmful, unintended response to a medication?

<p>Adverse Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication interaction occurs when two drugs with similar actions intensify the overall effect?

<p>Additive Effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a particular medication caused an unusual and unexpected reaction in a specific individual, what kind of reaction is it described as?

<p>Idiosyncratic Reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is specifically associated with sulfonamide antibiotics?

<p>Crystalluria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking a sulfonamide is also on warfarin. What potential interaction should the nurse monitor for?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient instruction is most important for minimizing the adverse effect of crystalluria with sulfonamides?

<p>Increase fluid intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a known penicillin allergy asks if they can take a monobactam antibiotic. What is the most appropriate nursing response?

<p>Monobactams are structurally different and less likely to cause cross-allergies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class interacts with oral contraceptives, potentially reducing their efficacy?

<p>β-Lactams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking a monobactam is also on an aminoglycoside. What potential adverse effect should the nurse be vigilant for?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with macrolide antibiotics?

<p>GI upset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with prolonged use of nitrous oxide?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is not required during the administration of nitrous oxide?

<p>Evaluate medication allergies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored post-administration of nitrous oxide?

<p>Oxygen saturation returning to baseline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nursing consideration for older adults undergoing anesthesia?

<p>Use the lowest effective doses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a potential effect of administering nitrous oxide without oxygen supplementation?

<p>Diffusion hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the assessment of baseline vitals before anesthesia aim to establish?

<p>Normal physiological responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should medications be handled during the implementation phase of patient care?

<p>Titrate doses as necessary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major pharmacokinetic concerns when administering anesthesia to older adults?

<p>Reduced clearance of anesthetic agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Absorption

The process of a drug moving from where it's given into the bloodstream.

Adverse Effects

Unwanted effects caused by a drug at normal doses.

Agonists

Substances that bind to receptors and trigger a response, like turning on a switch.

Antagonists

Substances that bind to receptors but block the action of agonists, like a blocker on a switch.

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Bioavailability

The amount of a drug that reaches the bloodstream and is available for use.

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Biotechnology

Using living organisms or their processes to create medical products.

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Biotransformation

The body's process of changing a drug into a form that can be easily removed.

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Bolus Doses

A quick, large dose of a drug given directly into the bloodstream.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how a drug affects the body, including how it works and its effects on tissues and organs.

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body processes a drug – absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

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Plasma Protein Binding

The proportion of a drug bound to proteins in the blood.

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Reconstitution

The process of mixing a powdered drug with a liquid to prepare it for administration.

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Schedule I Drugs (Canada)

Medications that require a prescription from a licensed healthcare professional.

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Schedule II Drugs (Canada)

Medications available without a prescription but require dispensing by a pharmacist.

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Schedule III Drugs (Canada)

Medications available for self-selection in the pharmacy, under pharmacist supervision.

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National Drug Schedules (NDS) - Canada

A system used in Canada to classify drugs based on their access and dispensing requirements, aimed at promoting safe medication use.

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Prescription Medication

Prescription medications require a healthcare provider's authorization. Examples include antibiotics like amoxicillin.

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Controlled Substance

Controlled substances are strictly regulated due to their potential for abuse. Examples include opioids like morphine.

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Non-Prescription Medication

Non-prescription medications can be purchased without a prescription. Examples include ibuprofen.

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Herbal Medication

Herbal medications are derived from plants and are used for health purposes. Examples include echinacea.

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Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutics is the study of drug formulation, like tablets, capsules, and injections.

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Pharmacotherapeutics

Pharmacotherapeutics focuses on using drugs to prevent, treat, or manage diseases.

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What is the mechanism of action of β-lactams?

These drugs work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria including streptococci, staphylococci, and some gram-negative bacteria.

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What are the main indications for using penicillins and cephalosporins?

Penicillins are used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and skin infections, while cephalosporins treat respiratory, urinary, and skin infections, as well as meningitis.

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What are the main adverse effects of β-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)?

The most significant adverse effects of these drugs are allergic reactions, ranging from skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Other side effects include gastrointestinal upset and superinfections.

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What are some important nursing considerations when administering β-lactams?

Before administering β-lactams, it's crucial to check for allergies, particularly penicillin allergy. Monitor for allergic reactions, especially after the first dose, and ensure adequate hydration to prevent complications.

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How do macrolides (like erythromycin) work?

These drugs work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, preventing bacterial growth by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit.

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What are some common indications for using macrolides?

Macrolides are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms. They are frequently used for respiratory infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections.

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What are the most common adverse effects of macrolides?

The main adverse effects of macrolides include gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions, including rashes.

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What are some crucial nursing considerations regarding macrolide administration?

Monitor liver function when administering macrolides, as they can cause hepatotoxicity. Additionally, pay attention to potential interactions with other medications, such as those affecting heart rhythm.

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Opioid Agonists

A class of drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), blocking pain signals and providing pain relief.

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Opioid Antagonists

Drugs that compete with agonists for binding to opioid receptors, counteracting the effects of opioids.

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Tendonitis

A condition characterized by inflammation and pain in tendons, often occurring in the arms, legs, or Achilles tendon, a potential side effect of quinolone antibiotics.

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Tendon Rupture

A serious adverse effect of quinolone antibiotics, potentially leading to tendon rupture, especially in the Achilles tendon.

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How does cranberry prevent UTIs?

A mechanism of action of cranberry in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs), whereby cranberry compounds prevent bacteria from attaching to the bladder wall.

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Berberine

A component of goldenseal that may possess antimicrobial properties, contributing to its use in treating infections and digestive issues.

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Obtaining Cultures

The process of obtaining a sample of the infected area to identify the specific type of bacteria causing an infection. This helps guide appropriate antibiotic choice.

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Narrow-spectrum Antibiotic Use

Using antibiotics specifically targeted against the identified bacteria, rather than broad-spectrum antibiotics that can affect a wider range of bacteria.

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Nitrous Oxide Administration: Assessment

Administering nitrous oxide requires careful assessment before, during, and after the procedure to ensure patient safety and prevent complications.

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Nitrous Oxide Risks: Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Prolonged use of nitrous oxide can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is essential for nerve health and function. This deficiency can cause potentially serious neurological issues.

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Nitrous Oxide Risks: Diffusion Hypoxia

When nitrous oxide is discontinued without proper oxygen supplementation, the rapid diffusion of nitrous oxide from the blood to the lungs can displace oxygen and cause a temporary drop in oxygen levels, leading to hypoxia.

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Anaesthesia in Older Adults: Sensitivity

Older adults are more sensitive to the effects of anesthetic agents due to age-related changes in their brain and metabolism. This can increase the risk of adverse reactions and longer recovery times.

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Antihistamines: Non-Sedating

Non-sedating antihistamines are designed to provide relief from allergy symptoms without causing drowsiness or sedation. This makes them a safer choice for patients who need to remain alert and focused.

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Antihistamines: Traditional

Traditional antihistamines can cause drowsiness and sedation as a side effect. While this can be beneficial for patients seeking sleep, it can be problematic for those who need to remain alert.

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Anaesthesia in Older Adults: Dosage

Lowering the dosage of anesthetic agents in older patients can minimize the risk of complications and help them recover more quickly. It's about finding the lowest dose that effectively manages pain and other concerns.

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Anaesthesia in Older Adults: Post-operative Monitoring

Monitoring older patients closely for signs of prolonged recovery and post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is crucial. This includes assessing their mental state, memory, and ability to function.

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Study Notes

Absorption

  • Definition: The process of a drug moving from its administration site into the bloodstream.
  • Example: Oral medications absorb in the gastrointestinal tract before entering the bloodstream.

Adverse Effects

  • Definition: Unintended, potentially harmful effects from a drug at normal doses.
  • Example: Nausea and dizziness from antibiotics.

Agonists

  • Definition: Substances binding to receptors, activating them, resulting in a biological response.
  • Example: Morphine, an opioid agonist, activates receptors to relieve pain.

Antagonists

  • Definition: Substances binding to receptors, preventing activation, blocking the action of agonists.
  • Example: Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, reverses opioid overdose.

Bioavailability

  • Definition: The proportion of a drug entering the bloodstream in active form after administration.
  • Example: Intravenous drugs have 100% bioavailability.

Biotechnology

  • Definition: Using biological processes to develop medical products and treatments.
  • Example: Insulin production using recombinant DNA technology.

Biotransformation

  • Definition: Chemical alteration of a drug within the body, often by the liver.
  • Example: Codeine is converted to morphine, its active form.

Bolus Doses

  • Definition: A single, large dose administered rapidly, typically intravenously.
  • Example: A bolus dose of antibiotics to treat severe infections.

Idiosyncratic Effects

  • Definition: Uncommon and unpredictable drug reactions due to genetic or unknown factors.
  • Example: Severe skin reactions to penicillin.

Indications

  • Definition: Medical conditions or symptoms a drug is approved to treat.
  • Example: Acetaminophen is indicated for pain and fever relief.

Metabolism

  • Definition: The body's process of breaking down drugs, usually in the liver, into active or inactive compounds.
  • Example: Paracetamol is metabolized into non-toxic byproducts.

Parenteral Administration

  • Definition: Drug delivery via injection, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Example: Insulin administration via subcutaneous injection.

Pharmacodynamics

  • Definition: The study of how a drug affects the body's tissues and organs.
  • Example: Beta-blockers' effect on reducing heart rate.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Definition: The body's processes of absorbing, distributing, metabolizing, and eliminating a drug.
  • Example: Tracking a drug's half-life to adjust dosage intervals.

Plasma Protein Binding

  • Definition: The degree to which a drug binds to blood proteins.
  • Example: Warfarin is highly protein-bound; only a small amount is active at any given time.

Reconstitution

  • Definition: Mixing a powdered drug with a liquid to prepare it for administration.
  • Example: Reconstituting powdered antibiotics with sterile water.

Schedule I (Prescription-Only Drugs)

  • Description: Medications requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional.
  • Example: Antibiotics, antidepressants, opioids, blood pressure medications.

Schedule II (Behind-the-Counter Drugs)

  • Description: Medications available without a prescription; dispensed by pharmacists and require pharmacist consultation.
  • Example: Some insulin types, emergency contraception, and high-dose ibuprofen.

Schedule III (Over-the-Counter Drugs)

  • Description: Medications available for self-selection in a pharmacy but under pharmacist supervision.
  • Example: Low-dose acetaminophen with codeine, low-dose iron supplements.

Unscheduled (General Sales)

  • Description: Medications sold without pharmacist supervision in various retail locations.
  • Example: OTC medications like vitamins or pain relievers.

Therapeutic Index (TI)

  • Definition: Ratio of toxic dose to effective dose for a drug.
  • Example: Narrow TI drugs require careful monitoring.

Half-Life

  • Definition: Time needed for a drug's plasma concentration to decrease by half.
  • Example: Half-life impacts dosing intervals.

Adverse Effects

  • Definition : Harmful effects of a drug beyond its intended therapeutic actions.

  • Example: Allergic reactions and toxicity.

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