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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the process where a drug moves from its administration site into the bloodstream?
What is the term for the process where a drug moves from its administration site into the bloodstream?
Which of the following defines a substance that binds to a receptor and activates it?
Which of the following defines a substance that binds to a receptor and activates it?
What does the term 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacology?
What does the term 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacology?
What type of drug effect is described as unintended and potentially harmful at normal doses?
What type of drug effect is described as unintended and potentially harmful at normal doses?
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Which of these describes the process by which the body breaks down drugs?
Which of these describes the process by which the body breaks down drugs?
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What is a 'bolus dose' when referring to drug administration?
What is a 'bolus dose' when referring to drug administration?
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What term is used to describe unpredictable drug reactions that occur in some individuals due to genetic differences?
What term is used to describe unpredictable drug reactions that occur in some individuals due to genetic differences?
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Which route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract?
Which route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the study of how a drug affects the body, including mechanisms of action?
What is the study of how a drug affects the body, including mechanisms of action?
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Which process involves mixing a powdered drug with a liquid?
Which process involves mixing a powdered drug with a liquid?
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What term describes how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates a drug?
What term describes how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates a drug?
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What does 'plasma protein binding' refer to?
What does 'plasma protein binding' refer to?
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In the Canadian National Drug Schedules (NDS), which schedule includes prescription-only medications?
In the Canadian National Drug Schedules (NDS), which schedule includes prescription-only medications?
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According to the Canadian NDS, which drugs are available without a prescription, but must be dispensed by a pharmacist?
According to the Canadian NDS, which drugs are available without a prescription, but must be dispensed by a pharmacist?
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According to the Canadian NDS, medications available for self-selection in a pharmacy under supervision are classified under which schedule?
According to the Canadian NDS, medications available for self-selection in a pharmacy under supervision are classified under which schedule?
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Which of the following is an example of a Schedule I drug in Canada?
Which of the following is an example of a Schedule I drug in Canada?
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What is a potential adverse effect associated with cranberry use?
What is a potential adverse effect associated with cranberry use?
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Select the medication classification that works by binding to opioid receptors to block pain signals.
Select the medication classification that works by binding to opioid receptors to block pain signals.
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of quinolones?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of quinolones?
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What is the mechanism of action for goldenseal?
What is the mechanism of action for goldenseal?
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What is a potential adverse effect of quinolones?
What is a potential adverse effect of quinolones?
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Which of the following is NOT a general principle of antibiotic therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a general principle of antibiotic therapy?
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Which of the following is a nursing consideration for administering antibiotics?
Which of the following is a nursing consideration for administering antibiotics?
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What is a potential interaction of cranberry?
What is a potential interaction of cranberry?
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Which type of medication requires authorization from a healthcare provider?
Which type of medication requires authorization from a healthcare provider?
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Opioids like morphine are categorized under which type of medication due to their potential for abuse?
Opioids like morphine are categorized under which type of medication due to their potential for abuse?
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According to the FDA, which pregnancy safety category indicates a medication is contraindicated during pregnancy?
According to the FDA, which pregnancy safety category indicates a medication is contraindicated during pregnancy?
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What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
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Which factor would most likely influence how a medication is metabolized in the body?
Which factor would most likely influence how a medication is metabolized in the body?
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What type of drug reaction is considered a harmful, unintended response to a medication?
What type of drug reaction is considered a harmful, unintended response to a medication?
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Which type of medication interaction occurs when two drugs with similar actions intensify the overall effect?
Which type of medication interaction occurs when two drugs with similar actions intensify the overall effect?
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If a particular medication caused an unusual and unexpected reaction in a specific individual, what kind of reaction is it described as?
If a particular medication caused an unusual and unexpected reaction in a specific individual, what kind of reaction is it described as?
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Which adverse effect is specifically associated with sulfonamide antibiotics?
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with sulfonamide antibiotics?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?
What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?
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A patient taking a sulfonamide is also on warfarin. What potential interaction should the nurse monitor for?
A patient taking a sulfonamide is also on warfarin. What potential interaction should the nurse monitor for?
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Which patient instruction is most important for minimizing the adverse effect of crystalluria with sulfonamides?
Which patient instruction is most important for minimizing the adverse effect of crystalluria with sulfonamides?
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A patient with a known penicillin allergy asks if they can take a monobactam antibiotic. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
A patient with a known penicillin allergy asks if they can take a monobactam antibiotic. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
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Which antibiotic class interacts with oral contraceptives, potentially reducing their efficacy?
Which antibiotic class interacts with oral contraceptives, potentially reducing their efficacy?
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A patient taking a monobactam is also on an aminoglycoside. What potential adverse effect should the nurse be vigilant for?
A patient taking a monobactam is also on an aminoglycoside. What potential adverse effect should the nurse be vigilant for?
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Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with macrolide antibiotics?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with macrolide antibiotics?
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What is a common risk associated with prolonged use of nitrous oxide?
What is a common risk associated with prolonged use of nitrous oxide?
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Which assessment is not required during the administration of nitrous oxide?
Which assessment is not required during the administration of nitrous oxide?
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What should be monitored post-administration of nitrous oxide?
What should be monitored post-administration of nitrous oxide?
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What is a significant nursing consideration for older adults undergoing anesthesia?
What is a significant nursing consideration for older adults undergoing anesthesia?
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Which is a potential effect of administering nitrous oxide without oxygen supplementation?
Which is a potential effect of administering nitrous oxide without oxygen supplementation?
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What does the assessment of baseline vitals before anesthesia aim to establish?
What does the assessment of baseline vitals before anesthesia aim to establish?
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How should medications be handled during the implementation phase of patient care?
How should medications be handled during the implementation phase of patient care?
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What is one of the major pharmacokinetic concerns when administering anesthesia to older adults?
What is one of the major pharmacokinetic concerns when administering anesthesia to older adults?
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Study Notes
Absorption
- Definition: The process of a drug moving from its administration site into the bloodstream.
- Example: Oral medications absorb in the gastrointestinal tract before entering the bloodstream.
Adverse Effects
- Definition: Unintended, potentially harmful effects from a drug at normal doses.
- Example: Nausea and dizziness from antibiotics.
Agonists
- Definition: Substances binding to receptors, activating them, resulting in a biological response.
- Example: Morphine, an opioid agonist, activates receptors to relieve pain.
Antagonists
- Definition: Substances binding to receptors, preventing activation, blocking the action of agonists.
- Example: Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, reverses opioid overdose.
Bioavailability
- Definition: The proportion of a drug entering the bloodstream in active form after administration.
- Example: Intravenous drugs have 100% bioavailability.
Biotechnology
- Definition: Using biological processes to develop medical products and treatments.
- Example: Insulin production using recombinant DNA technology.
Biotransformation
- Definition: Chemical alteration of a drug within the body, often by the liver.
- Example: Codeine is converted to morphine, its active form.
Bolus Doses
- Definition: A single, large dose administered rapidly, typically intravenously.
- Example: A bolus dose of antibiotics to treat severe infections.
Idiosyncratic Effects
- Definition: Uncommon and unpredictable drug reactions due to genetic or unknown factors.
- Example: Severe skin reactions to penicillin.
Indications
- Definition: Medical conditions or symptoms a drug is approved to treat.
- Example: Acetaminophen is indicated for pain and fever relief.
Metabolism
- Definition: The body's process of breaking down drugs, usually in the liver, into active or inactive compounds.
- Example: Paracetamol is metabolized into non-toxic byproducts.
Parenteral Administration
- Definition: Drug delivery via injection, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Example: Insulin administration via subcutaneous injection.
Pharmacodynamics
- Definition: The study of how a drug affects the body's tissues and organs.
- Example: Beta-blockers' effect on reducing heart rate.
Pharmacokinetics
- Definition: The body's processes of absorbing, distributing, metabolizing, and eliminating a drug.
- Example: Tracking a drug's half-life to adjust dosage intervals.
Plasma Protein Binding
- Definition: The degree to which a drug binds to blood proteins.
- Example: Warfarin is highly protein-bound; only a small amount is active at any given time.
Reconstitution
- Definition: Mixing a powdered drug with a liquid to prepare it for administration.
- Example: Reconstituting powdered antibiotics with sterile water.
Schedule I (Prescription-Only Drugs)
- Description: Medications requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional.
- Example: Antibiotics, antidepressants, opioids, blood pressure medications.
Schedule II (Behind-the-Counter Drugs)
- Description: Medications available without a prescription; dispensed by pharmacists and require pharmacist consultation.
- Example: Some insulin types, emergency contraception, and high-dose ibuprofen.
Schedule III (Over-the-Counter Drugs)
- Description: Medications available for self-selection in a pharmacy but under pharmacist supervision.
- Example: Low-dose acetaminophen with codeine, low-dose iron supplements.
Unscheduled (General Sales)
- Description: Medications sold without pharmacist supervision in various retail locations.
- Example: OTC medications like vitamins or pain relievers.
Therapeutic Index (TI)
- Definition: Ratio of toxic dose to effective dose for a drug.
- Example: Narrow TI drugs require careful monitoring.
Half-Life
- Definition: Time needed for a drug's plasma concentration to decrease by half.
- Example: Half-life impacts dosing intervals.
Adverse Effects
-
Definition : Harmful effects of a drug beyond its intended therapeutic actions.
-
Example: Allergic reactions and toxicity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key pharmacological concepts with this quiz. Explore terms such as bioavailability, drug effects, and administration routes. Perfect for students and professionals looking to deepen their understanding of pharmacology.
