Pharmacology Quiz on Hypertension Medications

<p>Aliskiren (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Already possessing polar molecule groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct excretion of the drug from the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attach hydrophilic groups to drugs or their Phase I metabolites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents receptor activation by agonists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein-coupled receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of individuals in a population exhibiting a defined response at a given dose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an antagonist, reducing the response of the full agonist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's half-life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher dose to achieve the desired therapeutic effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous (IV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug is relatively unsafe because a dose only twice the effective dose could be lethal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24-40 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inactive drug that needs to be metabolized into its active form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of the drug dose that reaches systemic circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced transdermal absorption due to differences in skin physiology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low renal clearance, potentially causing drug accumulation and toxicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher dose due to a greater percentage of body weight being water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants have decreased percentage of body fat, leading to a smaller volume of distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug metabolism is generally faster in children, potentially requiring increased dosages or more frequent administration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase II metabolism is reduced in infants, potentially leading to drug accumulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IM absorption is slowed in neonates, potentially affecting drug onset and efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimum effective concentration is longer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To limit inappropriate antibiotic use and improve clinical outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its efficacy is related to the duration that drug concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 48 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle relaxation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the development of drug resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altering the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used during the first 2 months to shorten treatment duration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate of killing bacteria increases with increased concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents rifampin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clonidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanide toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Losartan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the breakdown of amoxicillin by beta-lactamases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin flushing syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meropenem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aliskiren (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fosfomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical skin infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tazobactam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An inactive drug that must be metabolized into its active form.

Metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.

The time required for half of a drug to be eliminated from the body.

The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body.

The ratio of a drug's therapeutic effect to its toxicity.

Condition where drug absorption equals the amount eliminated.

Metabolic reactions involving oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.

High and low levels of drug concentration in the blood.

Medicines that block the effects of angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure.

Adverse effects include angioedema, hyperkalemia, and renal decline.

Medications that block the enzyme renin to decrease blood pressure.

Drugs that inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme to relax blood vessels.

Selective agents that block vasoconstrictive and aldosterone effects of angiotensin II.

The initial stage where drugs are converted to water-soluble metabolites or active compounds.

Chemical structures in drugs allowing them to skip Phase I metabolism.

The stage adding hydrophilic groups to drugs, making them more excretable.

The study of drug effects and actions on the body via receptors.

A substance that activates a receptor to elicit a biological response.

A substance that blocks receptors and prevents a biological response.

A substance that binds to a receptor and partially activates it, often acting as an antagonist.

Graded response relates to dose, while quantal response indicates presence or absence of effect in a population.

Infants aged 0-28 days with unique physiological traits.

Increased permeability of BBB increases drug absorption risks.

Increased intestinal absorption leads to toxicity risk.

Enhanced in infants, increasing risk with topical medications.

Increased body fat in infants reduces Vd of lipophilic drugs.

Less protein binding until 10-12 months increases drug distribution.

Reduced phase II metabolism leads to variable drug metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics become similar to adults with faster drug metabolism.

Benefits and consequences of care should be equitable based on patient needs.

Commitment to do no harm when providing care.

The lowest dose of an antibiotic that kills 99% of bacteria.

Effectiveness relies on the duration drug concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Effectiveness is determined by peak concentration and the area under the curve.

A system to optimize antibiotic use and limit resistance through data and policies.

An antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor effective against influenza A and B if started within 48 hours.

Combination therapy for TB includes Rifampin and Isoniazid for best resistance prevention.

Used in the first 2 months to shorten therapy duration to 6 months.

Medications that induce smooth muscle relaxation for bronchodilation in asthma and COPD.

Alter the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to reduce inflammation in lungs.

Adverse reactions including tolerance can occur with inhaled beta-2 agonists.

Medications that counteract aldosterone, used for hyperaldosteronism and heart failure.

Medications used as a primary treatment for heart failure to remove excess fluid.

Medications that end in 'lol' used to manage heart failure by reducing heart rate.

Medications ending in 'flozin' used for heart failure and diabetes management.

A potent vasodilator used to quickly manage severe heart failure.

Medications not recommended for heart failure due to lack of benefit.

Key elements include blood pressure, heart rate, urinary output, and kidney function.

Side effects include hypotension, arrhythmias, and hyperkalemia among others.

A class of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, not given if patient has SJS/TEN.

An antibiotic given IV that can cause flushing syndrome; requires slow infusion.

Antibiotics with a broader spectrum than penicillins, known for certain side effects.

Medications that prevent the breakdown of beta-lactam antibiotics by bacteria.