Pharmacology Quiz: Medications and Side Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is a common side effect associated with tricyclic antidepressants?

  • Red-brown discoloration of urine (correct)
  • Increased salivation
  • Enhanced cognitive function
  • Immediate weight gain

Which medication is commonly used for treating myasthenia gravis?

  • Clozapine
  • Bromocriptine
  • Selegiline
  • Neostigmine (correct)

Which of the following is a contraindication for certain medications discussed?

  • Young adults
  • Liver disease
  • Pregnancy (correct)
  • Mild hypertension

Which vitamin deficiency is mentioned as a potential concern?

<p>Vitamin B6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of dopamine agonists?

<p>Increased dopamine levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the medication selegiline?

<p>Requires a tyramine-free diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of antihyperlipidemics?

<p>Aching muscle (rhabdomyolysis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by descending muscle weakness?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long may it take for certain medications to begin working?

<p>3 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it recommended to take antihyperlipidemics, specifically statins?

<p>At night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of anticoagulants?

<p>They prevent blood clot formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common bleeding precaution associated with anticoagulants?

<p>Perform regular blood tests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of carrying out a hysterectomy in patients with an incompetent cervix?

<p>Post-operative infection risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when treating a patient with symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?

<p>Severe hyperthermia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for acute attacks of gout?

<p>Colchicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with akathisia?

<p>Restlessness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is estrogen replacement therapy NOT indicated?

<p>Pregnant women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of bisphosphonates therapy?

<p>Dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT commonly associated with tardive dyskinesia?

<p>Panic attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure after taking bisphosphonates?

<p>Remain upright for 30 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments reduces uric acid levels?

<p>Allopurinol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing for administering methylphenidate?

<p>Before breakfast and lunch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary items should be avoided when administering methylphenidate?

<p>Alcohol and anchovies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of digoxin toxicity?

<p>Yellow vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential to monitor before administering digoxin?

<p>Heart rate for one full minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a drug holiday refer to in the context of methylphenidate therapy?

<p>Stopping the drug temporarily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to prevent hypokalemia when administering digoxin?

<p>Potassium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antihypertensive drug is clonidine categorized under?

<p>Central anti-adrenergic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from combining nitroglycerin (NTG) with Viagra (Sildenafil)?

<p>Fatal hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic difference between a Cholinergic Crisis and a Myasthenic Crisis?

<p>Cholinergic Crisis is caused by overmedication while Myasthenic Crisis is due to undermedication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with a Cholinergic Crisis?

<p>Hallucination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication is primarily used as an antidote for a Cholinergic Crisis?

<p>Atropine sulfate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in dopamine levels?

<p>Parkinson's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of medications is typically used to increase dopamine levels in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Carbidopa and levodopa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with the use of dopaminergic medications?

<p>Photosensitivity (A), Sedation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates agranulocytosis as a major concern in medication management?

<p>Sore throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hepatotoxicity?

<p>Chlorpromazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with antidepressants such as Imipramine and Amitriptyline?

<p>Sedation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

<p>Hypertensive crisis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as an antidepressant?

<p>Fentanyl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering SSRIs, which of the following is a common side effect?

<p>Sexual dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic effect is expected when using antidepressants?

<p>Increased neurotransmitter levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients taking Lithium should be monitored for which potential issue?

<p>Dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of the SNS is correct?

<p>It increases blood glucose levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food should be avoided when taking MAOIs due to the risk of hypertensive crisis?

<p>Yogurt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of response types, which phrase best describes the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Rest and digest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antidepressants regarding norepinephrine and serotonin levels?

<p>Increase levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antidepressants

Drugs that boost levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, aiming to alleviate depressive symptoms.

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

A class of antidepressants that primarily increase serotonin levels, often prescribed as first-line treatment due to fewer side effects.

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

A type of antidepressant that increases both serotonin and norepinephrine levels, known for their sedative effects and potential cardiovascular risks.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A class of antidepressants that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, leading to increased levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

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Hypertensive Crisis

A potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when MAOIs are combined with certain foods or medications, characterized by dangerously high blood pressure.

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Anticholinergics

A group of medications that suppress the sympathetic nervous system, causing a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and overall body activity.

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Lithium

A naturally occurring element used to treat bipolar disorder, stabilizing mood swings and preventing extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression).

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Polyuria

A condition that can occur with lithium treatment characterized by increased urination, often due to fluid imbalances.

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Serotonin Syndrome

A potentially fatal syndrome caused by an overdose of antidepressants or a combination of antidepressants with certain other medications, characterized by a rapid increase in heart rate, tremors, and altered mental status.

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Opioids

A class of pain-relieving medications that work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, suppressing pain signals and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.

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Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS)

A group of side effects associated with certain medications (antipsychotics) that affect movement, balance, and coordination. Symptoms include tremors, muscle stiffness, slow movements, and restlessness.

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Dopamine Agonists

A type of medication used to treat Parkinson's disease. They work by increasing levels of dopamine in the brain.

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VANDAL Syndrome

A rare but serious condition that can result from taking certain medications, typically those that affect the nervous system, with symptoms including vomiting, visual disturbances, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and loss of coordination. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate attention.

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Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

A type of medication used to treat Myasthenia Gravis. They work by increasing the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

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Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

A condition that causes muscle weakness, particularly those involved in voluntary movement. The weakness usually worsens with activity and improves with rest.

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Cholinergic Crisis

A potentially life-threatening condition occurring when a patient is overmedicated with cholinergic drugs, characterized by excessive salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, and diarrhea.

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Myasthenic Crisis

A potentially life-threatening condition occurring when a patient with Myasthenia Gravis is undermedicated, characterized by increased muscle weakness and difficulty breathing.

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Psychosis due to Dopamine Excess

A state of increased dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in hallucinations and psychosis.

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Dopaminergic Medications

A class of medications that directly increase dopamine levels in the brain, used to treat Parkinson's Disease.

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Sinemet

A combination medication used to treat Parkinson's Disease, containing carbidopa and levodopa.

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Agranulocytosis

A potentially life-threatening condition associated with specific antipsychotics like clozapine, characterized by a decrease in white blood cell count, particularly neutrophils.

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Antipsychotics

A group of drugs used to address psychosis, often associated with side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as tremors and muscle rigidity.

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Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

A common side effect of antipsychotics, characterized by involuntary movements like tremors, muscle rigidity, and restlessness.

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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A severe, potentially life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications, characterized by high fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction.

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Benzodiazepines

A group of medications commonly used to treat anxiety. They work by enhancing the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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Bisphosphonates

A class of medications used to treat osteoporosis. They work by slowing bone breakdown and increasing bone density.

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Colchicine

A medication used to treat acute attacks of gout. It works by reducing inflammation and pain in the joints.

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Allopurinol

A medication used to prevent gout attacks. It works by reducing the production of uric acid.

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Antihyperlipidemics

A group of drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood, commonly known as statins.

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Rhabdomyolysis

A serious condition that can occur with statin use, characterized by muscle pain, weakness, and even breakdown.

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Anticoagulants

A class of drugs that are used to prevent blood clots from forming.

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Heparin

A type of anticoagulant that is often used to prevent blood clots in the veins.

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Warfarin

A type of anticoagulant that is taken orally and is often used to prevent blood clots in the arteries.

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Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Medication used to treat ADHD, prolongs attention span. Given before breakfast & lunch, 6 hours before bedtime. BID or OD. Watch for growth retardation, monitor height & weight.

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Muscle Relaxants

Group of medications that relax muscles. Used for muscle spasms and sometimes for multiple sclerosis. Examples include carisoprodol, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, and methocarbamol.

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Drug Holiday (for ADHD meds)

Drug holiday is a temporary break from taking ADHD medication, often during school breaks or vacations. It helps manage potential side effects and reduces tolerance to the medication.

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Digoxin

A heart medication used to treat heart failure, it strengthens heart contractions but slows down heart rate.

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Digoxin Toxicity

Digoxin toxicity can occur with high levels of the drug in the body. Symptoms include vomiting, visual disturbances (yellow vision), anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.

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Antihypertensive Drugs

Medications used to treat high blood pressure.

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Central Antiadrenergic

A type of antihypertensive medication that works by blocking signals to the brain that increase heart rate and blood pressure. Clonidine is an example.

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Beta Blockers

A class of antihypertensive medications that block the effects of adrenaline on the heart, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. End in '-olol'.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology

  • SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System): fight-or-flight response, dry response, ↑VS, ↑BP, RR, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, constipation, ↓GIT function
  • PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System): rest-and-digest response, wet response, ↓VS, ↓BP, RR, bronchoconstriction, pupil constriction, diarrhea, ↑GIT function
  • 2nd Line Tx for Depression: Imipramine, Amitriptyline. Side effects include sedation and cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias, prolonged QT interval). Avoid tyramine-rich foods.
  • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Parnate, Nardil, Marplan. Avoid foods high in tyramine to prevent hypertensive crisis.
  • Antidepressants (ADs): SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors), Tricyclic ADs. Common side effects include sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and insomnia. Some ADs can trigger SNS responses.
  • Lithium: Therapeutic level 0.6-1.2 mEq/L; side effects include polyuria, and risk of toxicity.

Other Topics

  • Myasthenia Gravis (MG): autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Dx with Tensilon test; medication is "stigmine".
  • Cholinergic Crisis: caused by overmedication with cholinergic medication. Symptoms include excessive salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea.
  • Parkinson's Disease: deficit of dopamine. Treatment goal is to increase dopamine levels, using levodopa.
  • Osteoporosis: bone loss. Treatments include calcium + Vitamin D, estrogen replacement, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates (alendronate, ibandronate). Avoid drugs with high levels sodium. Avoid alcohol, anchovies, legumes, lentils, beer, beans, organ meats, yeast, and seafood (eg. salmon).
  • ADHD: Methylphenidate is a common treatment. May affect growth.
  • Muscle Relaxants: Carisoprodol (soma), baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol. Used for muscle spasms.
  • Digoxin: therapeutic level 0.5 - 2.0 mg/ml, used for heart failure. Monitor potassium (K) levels, as hypokalemia can trigger toxicity.
  • Gout: caused by uric acid build-up. Treatments like Allopurinol.
  • Antipsychotics (typical & atypical): Used for schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics have fewer extrapyramidal side effects (EPS).
  • Calcium Levels (Hypo and Hyper): critical for many bodily functions. Calcium and vitamin D are important for bone health. Avoid taking drugs containing Calcium with meals, unless specifically stated in the drug's description.
  • Fluid Imbalances: fluid levels affect the entire body. Monitor and manage appropriately.
  • Genitourinary Tract: includes kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Function in blood pressure, electrolyte activity, and waste removal.
  • Hematology: blood composition, including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
  • Electrolyte Imbalances: sodium, potassium, etc. critical to the function of bodily processes.
  • Antihyperlipidemics (Statins): treat high cholesterol.
  • Anticoagulants: prevent blood clots; monitor blood tests (PT, PTT).
  • Antiplatelets: prevent platelet aggregation, reducing clot formation.
  • Thrombolytics: dissolve blood clots.
  • Angina: chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Treatment is often nitroglycerin.
  • Coronary Artery Disease: reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often causing pain (angina). Treatment is often with medications to address cholesterol and related issues, or procedures.
  • Myocardial Infarction: heart attack (reduced blood flow causing damage to the heart muscle).
  • Congestive Heart Failure: heart's inability to effectively pump blood. Management often includes low-salt diets, digoxin, and diuretics.
  • Respiratory Disorders: conditions involving the lungs. Treatments focus on oxygenation, manage issues like pneumonia and COPD.
  • Asthma: chronic inflammatory respiratory disease. Treated with inhaled steroids and bronchodilators.
  • Pneumonia: infection in the lungs. Treated with antibiotics.
  • COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): chronic lung disease. Often includes respiratory symptoms and difficulty breathing.
  • Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease affecting the lungs. Often treated with multiple antibiotics.
  • Cancer: various treatment modalities exist (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery).
  • Abortion Complications: Methods and complications of abortion, as well as complications to pregnancy.
  • Fetal Heart Tones: Different methods such as Doppler ultrasound, Fetoscope & Sonogram
  • Maternal disorders: conditions affecting the pregnancy. Management focuses on maternal and fetal well-being.
  • Epiglottitis: emergency condition where the airway is blocked. Urgent medical attention required.
  • Laryngotracheobronchitis: viral infection of the upper airway, causing a barking cough and difficulty breathing.
  • Pyloric Stenosis: narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (stomach outlet). Treated by surgery.
  • Intussusception: telescoping of intestinal segments; treated surgically.
  • Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF): abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea. Signs are choking coughing and/or cyanosis. Often treated by surgery.
  • Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease): failure of nerve cells in the intestine. Treated by surgery.
  • Empyema: pus in the pleural space.
  • Hydrocephalus: excess fluid build-up in the brain.
  • Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space.
  • Pulmonary Embolism (PE): blood clot traveling to the lungs.
  • Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Compression of the vena cava causing edema in the upper body.
  • Venous Disorders and treatments
  • Arterial Problems: causes, symptoms, and management.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various medications, their side effects, and contraindications. This quiz covers topics including tricyclic antidepressants, myasthenia gravis treatment, and anticoagulants. Dive deep into pharmacological principles and patient care practices.

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