87 Questions
Which amino acid is known for interrupting alpha helical protein secondary structures?
Proline
What type of chemical interaction stabilizes alpha helical protein secondary structures?
Hydrogen bonding
Bortezomib, an FDA-approved drug for Mantle Cell Lymphoma, acts by inhibiting which cellular process?
Proteasome
Which of the following vitamins is classified as an antioxidant?
Vitamin E
Which of the following vitamins is essential for neurotransmitter biosynthesis?
Vitamin B6
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin C
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics like chloroprocaine?
Sodium channel inhibitors
Which of the following is a Phase II metabolism reaction?
Conjugation
What type of reaction results in the formation of a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Oxidation
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups from amino acids?
Phosphatase
What is the main reason why Fluorouracil is clinically effective as an anti-cancer drug?
Inhibits thymidylate synthase
What is the pH range of blood in a healthy human?
7.38-7.42
Which enzyme do Sulphonamides target to selectively inhibit bacterial growth?
Dihydropteroate synthetase
At which organelle does the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, debris, and whole organelles occur?
Lysosomes
What is the most abundant protein found in human plasma that binds to acidic and neutral drugs?
Albumin
What cytoskeletal component does Keratin belong to?
Intermediate filaments
Which process regulates the cellular uptake of Low-density Lipoprotein?
Endocytosis
What is the function of Warfarin in plasma?
Unbinds drugs
What is the purpose of delivering Pilocarpine as a prodrug at acidic pH?
Activates tear secretion
Which enzyme is responsible for making molecules more water-soluble during metabolism in the smooth ER?
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
What is the term for molecules that accept H+ ions from solutions?
Bases
Which molecule is used to treat heartburn by inhibiting proton pumps?
Nexium
What process results from the misfolding of proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Endoplasmic Stress
In which organelle does cellular respiration produce ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the normal ratio of [H2CO3]:[HCO3-] in the blood?
1:20
Which anticancer drugs bind to β-tubulin subunits and stabilize, preventing disassembly?
Taxanes
What is the function of histones in regulating gene expression?
Organizing and compacting DNA
'Erythropoietin' is synthesized using which technology?
Recombinant Technology
'Plasmids' are small circular DNA molecules that carry genes. What is their property related to replication?
'Plasmids' can be replicated and transcribed.
Which of the following processes allows drugs to pass into a cell through a bilayer membrane?
Active transport
What is the main reason why Fluorouracil is clinically effective as an anti-cancer drug?
It inhibits thymidylate synthase, reducing dTMP levels and leading to cell death
What is the pH range of blood in a healthy human?
7.38-7.42
What is the most abundant protein in human plasma that binds to acidic and neutral drugs?
Albumin
What fraction of Warfarin is unbound in plasma?
1%
Why is Pilocarpine delivered as a prodrug at acidic pH?
To target its activity to the eye where the tear secretion is at pH 7.4
Which cytoskeletal component does Keratin belong to?
Intermediate filaments
Which process regulates the cellular uptake of Low-density Lipoprotein?
Endocytosis
Where does the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, debris, and whole organelles occur?
Lysosomes
Where is the metabolism of alcohol, drugs, or natural compounds to make molecules more water-soluble carried out?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which enzyme do Sulphonamides target to selectively inhibit bacterial growth?
Dihydropteroate synthase
What is the primary function of Topoisomerase Type I in DNA replication?
Cleaves one DNA strand and rotates the other strand around before resealing
Which amino acid is abundant in the structure of collagen?
Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine
Which of the following is a characteristic of bioactive amino acids?
They are usually found as L-isomers
What is the primary mechanism of action for Streptomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic?
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit
Which of the following best describes the first step in the process of translation?
The ribosome (large and small subunit) assembles around the mRNA molecule
Which of the following is a common characteristic of essential amino acids?
They are required to be obtained through the diet
Which covalent bond is involved in the stabilization of protein tertiary structure?
Disulfide bonds
Which drug is used to treat heartburn by inhibiting proton pumps?
Nexium (Esomeprazole)
What is the purpose of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in the context of drug stability?
To calculate the ratio of a weak acid to its conjugate base
Which of the following processes allows drugs to pass into a cell through a bilayer membrane?
Diffusion
Which amino acid is required for the formation of beta-turn protein secondary structures?
Glycine
Which vitamin deficiency is commonly known as Scurvy?
Vitamin C
Which class of vitamins are considered to be fat-soluble?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics like chloroprocaine?
Inhibition of sodium channels
What is the final version of a functional enzyme, including its cofactors, called?
Holoenzyme
Which vitamin is also known as Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
Which of the following vitamins would not lead to Hypervitaminosis if excessively administered?
Vitamin C
What chemical group in the structure of Glutathione mediates its potent antioxidant role?
Thiol group
In which cellular compartment are Cytochrome P450 enzymes commonly found?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells
What is the primary goal of xenobiotic metabolism?
To make molecules more hydrophilic for elimination
What type of chemical interaction stabilizes alpha helices?
Hydrogen bonding
How is the cellular uptake of Low-density Lipoprotein regulated?
Phagocytosis
Which amino acid has the tendency to interrupt alpha helical protein secondary structures?
Proline
Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, debris, and whole organelles?
Lysosomes
What is the main function of chaperones in protein folding?
Assist in protein folding
What is the target of Sulphonamides to selectively inhibit bacterial growth?
Dihydropteroate synthetase
What type of bond stabilizes the tertiary structure of proteins?
Disulfide bond
Which type of metabolic reactions are dependent on Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?
Neurotransmitter biosynthesis
What is the deficiency commonly known as if an individual lacks Vitamin C?
Scurvy
Why is Fluorouracil considered clinically effective in cancer treatment?
Inhibiting thymidylate synthase
What is the main consequence of the pH in a healthy human blood dropping below 7.38?
Acidosis
Which class of compounds are considered to be antioxidants, such as Vitamin E?
Fat-soluble vitamins
How do Adenine and Thymine interact with each other in DNA?
Hydrogen bonding
'Holoenzyme' refers to what in the context of enzyme structure?
Final active form of an enzyme with cofactors
'Acetyl CoA' requires which compound to be synthesized for its formation?
'Coenzyme A'
'Riboflavin' is also known as which Vitamin?
'Vitamin B2'
'Cytochrome P450 enzymes' are commonly found in which compartment of a cell?
'Smooth ER of liver cells'
Which intermolecular force causes nonpolar molecules to aggregate in water?
Hydrophobic forces
What is the normal ratio of $[H_2CO_3]:[HCO_3^-]$ in human blood?
1:20
Which class of drugs inhibits the activity of proton pumps to treat heartburn?
Proton pump inhibitors
What type of stress occurs due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum?
ER stress
What cellular process produces ATP molecules?
Cellular respiration
What is the function of histones in regulating gene expression?
Organize and compact DNA
What is the term for a segment of DNA that encodes for a polypeptide chain or RNA molecule?
Gene
Which type of solution is capable of resisting pH changes when a strong acid or base is added?
Buffer solution
Which cellular process allows drugs to pass through a bilayer membrane?
All of the above
What are small circular DNA molecules that carry genes and can be replicated and transcribed?
Plasmids
Test your knowledge on pharmacology concepts including the mechanisms of fluorouracil, the pH range of human blood, protein binding of albumin, and drug delivery of pilocarpine. Explore how anti-cancer drugs work, the importance of blood pH balance, drug-protein interactions, and prodrug activation mechanisms.
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