Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the text, how many milligrams of lidocaine did the patient receive from an 8 milliliter 2% solution?
According to the text, how many milligrams of lidocaine did the patient receive from an 8 milliliter 2% solution?
Which of the following penicillins is administered only by deep intramuscular injection?
Which of the following penicillins is administered only by deep intramuscular injection?
According to 8h a guidelines, what is the maximum number of carpool doses of local anesthetic containing 1-200,000 epinephrine that can be used in a patient with cardiovascular disease?
According to 8h a guidelines, what is the maximum number of carpool doses of local anesthetic containing 1-200,000 epinephrine that can be used in a patient with cardiovascular disease?
Based on the information provided, what is the volume of one carpool dose of local anesthetic?
Based on the information provided, what is the volume of one carpool dose of local anesthetic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of question is asked on the first day of the board exam?
Which type of question is asked on the first day of the board exam?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of question is asked on the second day of the board exam?
Which type of question is asked on the second day of the board exam?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse effect is associated with the use of prilocaine?
Which adverse effect is associated with the use of prilocaine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of administration is the enteral route?
Which route of administration is the enteral route?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an ester anesthetic subject to inactivation by plasma esterases?
Which of the following is an ester anesthetic subject to inactivation by plasma esterases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs is tardive dyskinesia a neurological side effect of?
Which class of drugs is tardive dyskinesia a neurological side effect of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the irreversible condition characterized by involuntary jerky movements of skeletal muscles?
What is the irreversible condition characterized by involuntary jerky movements of skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which receptor is primarily affected by phenothiazine antipsychotics?
Which receptor is primarily affected by phenothiazine antipsychotics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?
Which category of local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic is considered the safest to use in children?
Which local anesthetic is considered the safest to use in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic is linked to a blood disorder called methemoglobinemia?
Which local anesthetic is linked to a blood disorder called methemoglobinemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic has the longest duration of action?
Which local anesthetic has the longest duration of action?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following local anesthetics is commonly used in dentistry and has a higher toxicity and allergic potential?
Which of the following local anesthetics is commonly used in dentistry and has a higher toxicity and allergic potential?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
What is the main mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of tissue are local anesthetics less effective?
In which type of tissue are local anesthetics less effective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factors affect the duration of action of local anesthetics?
Which factors affect the duration of action of local anesthetics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the correct formula to calculate the weight of a local anesthetic solution?
Which of the following is the correct formula to calculate the weight of a local anesthetic solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the weight of a 2% lidocaine solution in milligrams per car pool?
What is the weight of a 2% lidocaine solution in milligrams per car pool?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the weight of a 1,000th of a percent of epinephrine in milligrams?
What is the weight of a 1,000th of a percent of epinephrine in milligrams?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor allowed for a systemically healthy patient in milligrams per kilogram?
What is the maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor allowed for a systemically healthy patient in milligrams per kilogram?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?
Which category of local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic is considered the safest to use in children?
Which local anesthetic is considered the safest to use in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic is linked to a blood disorder called methemoglobinemia?
Which local anesthetic is linked to a blood disorder called methemoglobinemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which local anesthetic has the shortest duration of action?
Which local anesthetic has the shortest duration of action?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of local anesthetic is less commonly used due to its higher toxicity and allergic potential?
Which type of local anesthetic is less commonly used due to its higher toxicity and allergic potential?
Signup and view all the answers
How do local anesthetics work?
How do local anesthetics work?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum concentration at which local anesthetics are usually packaged?
What is the minimum concentration at which local anesthetics are usually packaged?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum number of nodes of Ranvier that need to be blocked for complete anesthesia?
What is the maximum number of nodes of Ranvier that need to be blocked for complete anesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which one of these is the correct formula to calculate the weight of a specific local anesthetic drug?
Which one of these is the correct formula to calculate the weight of a specific local anesthetic drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the weight of a 4% lidocaine solution in milligrams per car pool?
What is the weight of a 4% lidocaine solution in milligrams per car pool?
Signup and view all the answers
How much epinephrine is in a 2% lidocaine solution with a ratio of 1:100,000?
How much epinephrine is in a 2% lidocaine solution with a ratio of 1:100,000?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor allowed for a cardiac patient in milligrams per kilogram?
What is the maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor allowed for a cardiac patient in milligrams per kilogram?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis and compete with para amino benzoic acid (PABA)?
Which type of antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis and compete with para amino benzoic acid (PABA)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis and is broad-spectrum, targeting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis and is broad-spectrum, targeting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibiotic combines amoxicillin with clavulanic acid to make it more effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Which antibiotic combines amoxicillin with clavulanic acid to make it more effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism of action do bactericidal antibiotics have?
Which mechanism of action do bactericidal antibiotics have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 30s ribosomal subunit?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 30s ribosomal subunit?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibiotics share a beta-lactam molecular structure?
Which antibiotics share a beta-lactam molecular structure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cardiovascular conditions may require antibiotic prophylaxis before dental treatment?
Which cardiovascular conditions may require antibiotic prophylaxis before dental treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibiotic is commonly used as an alternative for patients with a penicillin allergy for antibiotic prophylaxis?
Which antibiotic is commonly used as an alternative for patients with a penicillin allergy for antibiotic prophylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pharmacology Practice Questions Summary
- The first day of the board exam consists of 400 pharmacology questions.
- The second day of the board exam consists of 100 case-based questions.
- The first question asks about the calculation of epinephrine doses for carpools.
- The second question asks about cross allergenicity with penicillin, specifically with cephalosporins like cephalexin.
- The third question asks about the adverse effect of methemoglobinemia associated with the use of prilocaine.
- The fourth question asks about the principal use of quinidine, which is to treat arrhythmias.
- The fifth question asks about the amount of codeine in analgesic compound number three, which is 30 milligrams.
- The sixth question asks about the need for supplemental administration of potassium when using thiazide diuretics to treat hypertension.
- The seventh question asks about the enteral route of administration, which is the oral route.
- The eighth question asks about the mechanism of action of neostigmine, which is a cholinesterase inhibitor that blocks acetylcholinesterase activity.
- The ninth question asks about the interaction between tetracycline and penicillin, which reduces the effectiveness of penicillin.
- The tenth question asks about the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines, which modulate the GABA receptor.
- The eleventh question asks about the mechanism of action of aspirin, which inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis and platelet aggregation.
Calculating the Weight of Local Anesthetic
- The weight of the entire liquid in a car pool can be calculated by multiplying the volume of the liquid by the weight of one milliliter of liquid.
- For a 100% lidocaine solution, the weight of the liquid would be 1.8 grams or 1,800 milligrams.
- To calculate the weight of a specific local anesthetic drug, the percentage of the drug in the solution must be considered.
- To calculate the weight of a 1% solution of local anesthetic, divide the weight of the 100% solution by 100.
- For a 2% lidocaine solution, the weight of the drug would be 36 milligrams per car pool.
- For a 4% solution, the weight of the drug would be 72 milligrams per car pool.
- To calculate the weight of multiple car pools of the same solution, multiply the weight of the drug per car pool by the number of car pools.
- A practice question asks how much epinephrine is in a 2% lidocaine solution with a ratio of 1:100,000.
- The weight of epinephrine can be calculated by dividing the weight of a 1% solution by 1,000.
- For a 1,000th of a percent of epinephrine, the weight would be 0.018 milligrams.
- Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor in local anesthetics and has three purposes: prolonging numbness, reducing toxicity, and promoting hemostasis.
- The maximum amount of epinephrine allowed for a systemically healthy patient is 0.2 milligrams, while for a cardiac patient it is 0.04 milligrams. The maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor is 4.4 milligrams per kilogram, and with vasoconstrictor it is 7 milligrams per kilogram.
Calculating the Weight of Local Anesthetic
- The weight of the entire liquid in a car pool can be calculated by multiplying the volume of the liquid by the weight of one milliliter of liquid.
- For a 100% lidocaine solution, the weight of the liquid would be 1.8 grams or 1,800 milligrams.
- To calculate the weight of a specific local anesthetic drug, the percentage of the drug in the solution must be considered.
- To calculate the weight of a 1% solution of local anesthetic, divide the weight of the 100% solution by 100.
- For a 2% lidocaine solution, the weight of the drug would be 36 milligrams per car pool.
- For a 4% solution, the weight of the drug would be 72 milligrams per car pool.
- To calculate the weight of multiple car pools of the same solution, multiply the weight of the drug per car pool by the number of car pools.
- A practice question asks how much epinephrine is in a 2% lidocaine solution with a ratio of 1:100,000.
- The weight of epinephrine can be calculated by dividing the weight of a 1% solution by 1,000.
- For a 1,000th of a percent of epinephrine, the weight would be 0.018 milligrams.
- Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor in local anesthetics and has three purposes: prolonging numbness, reducing toxicity, and promoting hemostasis.
- The maximum amount of epinephrine allowed for a systemically healthy patient is 0.2 milligrams, while for a cardiac patient it is 0.04 milligrams. The maximum amount of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor is 4.4 milligrams per kilogram, and with vasoconstrictor it is 7 milligrams per kilogram.
Key Facts about Antibiotics and Drug Interactions
- Antibiotics can be categorized into different classes, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides.
- Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems are all beta-lactam antibiotics that share a beta-lactam molecular structure.
- Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 30s ribosomal subunit.
- Macrolides and lincosamides are also bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis, but they target the 50s ribosomal subunit.
- Antibiotic prophylaxis is required before dental treatment for patients with certain cardiovascular conditions, such as prosthetic heart valves, history of endocarditis, heart transplant with valve dysfunction, or congenital heart problems.
- Patients with a compromised immune system, such as organ transplant recipients or those undergoing cancer therapy, may also require antibiotic prophylaxis before dental treatment.
- The first choice for antibiotic prophylaxis is usually amoxicillin, while clindamycin is used as an alternative for patients with a penicillin allergy.
- In cases where oral medications are not an option, intravenous or intramuscular administration of antibiotics, such as ampicillin, may be necessary.
- Common side effects of antibiotics include gastrointestinal upset, pseudomembranous colitis (associated with clindamycin), superinfections (caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics), aplastic anemia (associated with chloramphenicol), and liver damage (associated with tetracycline).
- Drug interactions can occur with antibiotics, such as interactions between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs, penicillin and probenecid, tetracycline and antacids or dairy products, broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants, antibiotics and oral contraceptives, and macrolides and certain drugs like Seldane or digoxin.
- Clindamycin concentrates well in bone, while tetracycline concentrates well in gingival crevicular fluid.
- Antivirals, like acyclovir and Valcyclovir, are used to treat herpes infections, while antifungals, like fluconazole and ketoconazole, are used to treat fungal infections, such as candidiasis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of pharmacology with this practice quiz! From calculating medication doses to understanding drug interactions and mechanisms of action, these questions cover a wide range of topics. Challenge yourself with questions on adverse effects, principal uses, and route of administration. See how well you know pharmacology and prepare for your board exam!
