Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones

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What is an important function of the hypothalamus?

Releasing nerve impulses

Producing thyroid hormones

Connecting the nervous system with the endocrine system (correct)

Regulating growth hormone

How do hormones of the anterior pituitary act on target tissues?

By secreting neuropeptides

By traveling through the bloodstream

By binding to specific receptor sites (correct)

By directly affecting nerve impulses

What is the role of neuropeptides in regulating anterior pituitary hormones?

Inhibiting hormone production

Activating nerve cells

Regulating hormone secretion (correct)

Initiating nerve impulses

How do hormones differ from nerve impulses in terms of response time?

Hormones have a broader range of response time than nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of growth hormone (somatotropin)?

Acting on target tissues by binding to specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which system does the hypothalamus connect with via the pituitary gland?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ACTH?

Stimulating the rate-limiting step in adrenocorticosteroid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

When does ACTH concentration typically reach its peak?

Early morning Signup and view all the answers

What suppresses the release of ACTH?

Cortisol via negative feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is corticotropin mainly used to differentiate between?

Primary adrenal insufficiency and secondary adrenal insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred synthetic form of ACTH for diagnosing adrenal insufficiency?

Cosyntropin Signup and view all the answers

In which conditions is ACTH also used as a treatment?

Infantile spasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of somatostatin?

Inhibiting release of various hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic analogs of somatostatin are mentioned in the text?

Octreotide and lanreotide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of octreotide and lanreotide?

Treatment of acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with octreotide according to the text?

Delayed gallbladder emptying Signup and view all the answers

Where are gonadotropins (FSH and LH) produced?

Anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of menotropins?

Urine of postmenopausal women Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Trapping of iodide from the circulation into thyroid cells Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the coupling of iodide with tyrosine?

Peroxidase enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of thyroid hormone that enters the nucleus and attaches to specific receptors?

Thyroxine (T4) Signup and view all the answers

How are both T3 and T4 metabolized in the liver?

Metabolized by cytochrome p-450 enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which protein in the plasma binds most circulating T3 and T4?

Thyroxine-binding globulin Signup and view all the answers

What governs the generation of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prolactin?

Stimulate and maintain lactation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is excreted in the urine of pregnant women?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

How can ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome be described?

Life-threatening enlargement of the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the growth and maturation of follicles in infertile women?

Menotropin Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of Urofollitropin?

Postmenopausal women Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of administration for both hCG and choriogonadotropin alfa?

Intramuscular injection (IM) Signup and view all the answers

What are the major toxicities associated with vasopressin use?

Vertigo and water intoxication Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor does vasopressin bind to in the kidney to increase water permeability and reabsorption?

V2 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the major use of vasopressin in clinical practice?

Treating diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

Which analog of vasopressin is preferred for the treatment of diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis due to its minimal pressor effects?

Desmopressin Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor mediates other effects of vasopressin in the liver and vascular smooth muscle?

V1 receptor Signup and view all the answers