Pharmacology: Penicillin and Cephalosporin
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Questions and Answers

What are common therapeutic uses for cephalosporins?

  • Skin conditions
  • Neurological disorders
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Respiratory tract infections (correct)
  • Which drug class is known for the mode of action involving inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis?

  • Cephalosporins (correct)
  • Tetracyclines
  • Penicillins
  • Macrolides
  • Which of the following is a side effect associated with cephalosporin use?

  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Hypotension
  • Edema (correct)
  • What is a contraindication for the use of cephalosporins?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug interactions decreases the effect of penicillin?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse reaction when using cephalosporins?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cephalosporin is commonly associated with the brand name 'Ancef'?

    <p>Cefazolin sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction associated with cephalosporins?

    <p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does dairy have on tetracycline?

    <p>It decreases the effect of tetracycline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of aminoglycosides?

    <p>E. coli infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Visual disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug-drug interaction decreases the effect of oral contraceptives?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class increases the effect of aspirin?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction to aminoglycosides?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of macrolides?

    <p>Treating upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At low doses, what is the mode of action of macrolides?

    <p>Bacteriostatic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for aminoglycoside use?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Tinnitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of macrolides?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse reaction can occur with macrolides?

    <p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for macrolides?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cephalosporins interact with tetracycline?

    <p>Decrease the effect of tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly describes the effect of macrolides at high doses?

    <p>Bactericidal effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides such as vancomycin?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is specifically associated with the use of vancomycin?

    <p>Red man syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketolides can be primarily used to treat which of the following conditions?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is common to lipopeptides like daptomycin?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action for lipopeptides such as daptomycin?

    <p>Bind to bacterial membranes causing rapid depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major therapeutic use of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>To treat moderate/severe infections in respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs increase the risk of ototoxicity when used with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with fluoroquinolone use?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do fluoroquinolones use to exert their antibacterial effect?

    <p>Interference with DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of severe renal disease, which drug class is contraindicated?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the use of antacids have on the absorption of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>They decrease absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical adverse reaction of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect can fluoroquinolones have on oral hypoglycemics?

    <p>Increase their effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PENICILLIN

    • Drug interactions: increases effect with aspirin, increases bleeding risk with oral anticoagulants, decreases effect with tetracycline.

    CEPHALOSPORINS

    • Examples include cefadroxil (Duricef), cefazolin sodium (Ancef), cephalexin (Keflex), and cefdinir (Omnicef).
    • Therapeutic uses: treats respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, bone and joint infections, and otitis media.
    • Mode of action: bactericidal effect through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • Side effects: rash, flushing, edema.
    • Adverse reactions: superinfections, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
    • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporins.
    • Drug interactions: increases effect with aspirin, increases bleeding with oral anticoagulants, decreases effect with tetracycline.

    MACROLIDES

    • Examples include azithromycin (Zithromax), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and erythromycin base (E-Mycin).
    • Therapeutic uses: treats upper respiratory tract infections, gonorrhea, and skin infections.
    • Mode of action: inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, exhibiting a bactericidal effect at high doses and bacteriostatic effect at low doses.
    • Side effects: blurred vision, tinnitus, rash.
    • Adverse reactions: superinfections, urticaria, hearing loss, angioedema, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
    • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to macrolides, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction.

    TETRACYCLINES

    • Drug interactions: increases effect of digoxin, decreases absorption when combined with sucralfate or antacids, reduces efficacy of oral contraceptives, and dairy products lessen effect.

    AMINOGLYCOSIDES

    • Examples include amikacin sulfate (Amiken), gentamicin sulfate, and streptomycin sulfate (Streptomycin).
    • Therapeutic uses: treats serious infections, particularly gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), pelvic inflammatory disease, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
    • Mode of action: bactericidal effect through inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.
    • Side effects: visual disturbances, hearing loss, tinnitus, rash, photosensitivity.
    • Adverse reactions: superinfections, urticaria, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia.
    • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides, severe renal disease.
    • Drug interactions: increases risk of ototoxicity with loop diuretics, increases nephrotoxicity with amphotericin B and vancomycin; decreases serum potassium and magnesium in lab tests.

    FLUOROQUINOLONES

    • Examples include ciprofloxacin HCL (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and moxifloxacin (Noroxin).
    • Therapeutic uses: treats moderate to severe infections such as respiratory tract infections, renal, skin, bone, joint infections, cellulitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.
    • Mode of action: bactericidal effect through interference with DNA gyrase enzyme.
    • Side effects: blurred vision, rash, flushing, tinnitus, photosensitivity.
    • Adverse reactions: superinfection, edema, anaphylaxis, hyperkalemia, peripheral neuropathy.
    • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones, severe renal disease.
    • Drug interactions: increases effect of oral hypoglycemics and caffeine, decreased drug absorption when taken with antacids.

    MISCELLANEOUS

    • Glycopeptides (Vancomycin): used for drug-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Side effects include fever and rash; adverse effects may cause ototoxicity and neurotoxicity.
    • Ketolides: used for mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia, inhibits protein synthesis. Side effects include blurred vision and altered taste; adverse effect may lead to hepatotoxicity.
    • Lipopeptides (Daptomycin): treats complicated skin infections and endocarditis due to MRSA. Binds to bacterial membrane causing rapid depolarization, inhibiting protein synthesis. Side effects include hypotension and tingling; adverse effects may cause hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the drug class Penicillin and its interactions. This quiz covers important drug-drug interactions and compares it with Cephalosporins. Assess your knowledge of pharmacology concepts related to these antibiotic classes.

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